Table Of ContentWOMEN’S MENTAL
HEALTH ISSUES ACROSS
THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYS(cid:2)TEM
Rosemary L.Gido
Lanette P.Dalley
Upper Saddle River,New Jersey
Columbus,Ohio
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Women's mental health issues across the criminal justice system / Rosemary L.Gido,
Lanette Dalley [editors].
p.cm.
ISBN-13:978-0-13-243535-2
ISBN-10:0-13-243535-7
1. Women prisoners--United States.2. Women prisoners—Mental health services
—United States. 3. Female offenders—United States. 4. Female offenders
—Rehabilitation—United States. I.Gido,Rosemary L. II.Dalley,Lanette.
HV9471.W68 2008
365'.66720820973—dc22 2008007579
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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my wonderful family—my husband,Jack;my
sons,Stephen and Jeffrey;my “daughters,”Wendy and Teresa;and our
brilliant grandchildren,Sophie,Meghan,Allison,Alex,and Mathew.
Rosemary Gido
To my twin daughters,Miranda and Sophia,who make life worthwhile
and to my husband,Lynn,who shares the same vision for social justice.
Lanette Dalley
CONTENTS
(cid:2)
Foreward xii Roslyn Muraskin
INTRODUCTION The Mental Health Needs Rosemary L.Gido
of Female Offenders Across the Criminal Justice System xix
The Invisibility of Mentally Ill Female Offenders xix
Across the Criminal Justice System xx
The Juvenile Justice System xx
Law Enforcement xxi
Mental Health Courts xxi
Jails xxi
Prisons xxii
Reentry xxii
Policy xxiii
References xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Rebecca J.Boyd
Female Juvenile Offenders:Where Are We Now,
and Where Do We Go from Here? 1
Abstract 1
Female Delinquency as a Growing Problem 4
Arrests 5
Custody 5
Explaining Trends 6
Female Risk Factors for Delinquency 6
Abuse 7
Mental Illness 8
Typical Female Juvenile Offender 8
Barriers to Meeting Mental Health Needs 9
Contemporary Initiatives 9
Systemic Barriers 10
Resources 10
Mental Health Screening,Assessment,and Diagnosis 11
Caseload Management 11
Programming and Treatment 11
Education and Training 13
Justice System Culture 13
Interagency Barriers 13
Policies and Procedures 13
Collaboration and Communication 14
Information Sharing 14
Conclusion 15
iv
Contents v
Current State of Knowledge 15
Policy and Research Recommendations 15
Policy and Programming 15
Research and Evaluation 16
References 17
CHAPTER 2 Mental Health Screening as Intake Philip Matthew Stinson,Sr.
Triage for Juvenile Girl Offenders:A MAYSI-2
Comparison of Nondetained and Detained Youth 23
Abstract 23
Introduction 23
The Juvenile Delinquency Intake Process 24
Methods and Procedures 25
Methodology 25
Sampling 25
Survey Instrument 26
Reliability and Validity 27
Purpose of the Instrument 27
Procedures 27
Results 28
Attention and Concentration 29
Rape and Danger of Rape 30
Suicidal Ideation 31
Alcohol and Drug Usage 31
Traumatic Experiences 33
Analysis and Discussion 35
Attention-Related Survey Items 35
Rape Survey Item 36
Suicide Ideation Survey Scale 37
Alcohol-Drug Survey Scale 37
Traumatic Experiences Survey Scale 38
Use of Pre-Adjudication Detention in Massachusetts 39
Summary of Results 40
Limitations 40
Conclusions,Implications,and Recommendations 41
Conclusions 41
Policy Implications and Recommendations 42
References 43
CHAPTER3 “I’ve Been Around and Around and Around”: Judith A.Ryder
Measuring Traumatic Events in the Lives of Sandra Langley
Incarcerated Girls 45 Henry Brownstein
Abstract 45
Background 47
Trauma in the Context of Female Offenders’ Lives 47
Adult Female Offenders 48
Adolescent Girls 49
vi Contents
Toward a Typology of Trauma 50
Four Approaches to Measuring Trauma among Girls in Custody 51
A Study of Violent Offenders 55
Sample and Interview Procedures 55
A Range of Traumatic Experiences 56
Narrative Data 58
Home and Community Violence 58
Childhood Losses 59
Death of a Loved One 60
Physical Absence 60
Psychological Unavailability 60
Loss of Home 61
Combining Methods 61
Discussion 62
Population-Specific Trauma Inventories 63
References 65
CHAPTER4 The Challenges of Policing the Mentally Ill: Mary Dodge
An Exploration of Gendered and Terri Schreiber
Ungendered Perspectives 71
Abstract 71
The Impact of Deinstitutionalization on Policing 72
Are Women Officers the Same or Different? 74
Police Officers Relate Their Perspectives 74
Encounters and Contacts 75
Higher Levels of Sophistication 76
Identifying the Mentally Ill 77
Ungendered Perspectives:Cops are Cops 78
Acknowledging Differences in Communication Styles 79
Conclusion 79
References 81
Acknowledgments 83
CHAPTER5 Improving Police Interactions with the Mentally Ill: Laura Ketteler
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Training 84 Mary Dodge
Abstract 84
Perceptions of Dangerousness and Use of Force 86
The Paul Childs Case 88
The Need for Training 89
Crisis Intervention Teams 89
The Power of Role-Playing Exercises 90
Outcome Evaluations 92
Gendered Interactions 93
Conclusion 94
References 95
Acknowledgments 97
Contents vii
CHAPTER6 Women in Mental Health Courts: Janice Joseph
A Femicentric-Integrated Approach of Service Delivery
for Women with Multiple Disorders in Mental Health Courts 98
Abstract 98
Overview of Mental Health Courts 99
Characteristics of Mental Health Courts 99
Mental Health Court Process 100
Criticisms of the Mental Health Courts 101
Women in Mental Health Courts 102
Gender-sensitive Services for Mentally Ill Women 103
Femicentric Approach 103
Female-sensitive Needs of Mentally Ill Women 104
Women with Co-occurring Disorders 105
Mentally Ill Women with Trauma 107
Social Context of Mental Illness:Issues of Culture,Parenting,
and Poverty 107
An Integrated Approach to Service Delivery 109
Integrated Services Delivery Approach 110
Recommendations 111
Policy-Related 112
Data Collection 112
Prevention 112
Future Research 113
Conclusion 113
References 114
CHAPTER7 Women In Jail:Mental Health Care Phyllis Harrison Ross
Needs and Service Deficiencies 117 James E.Lawrence
Abstract 117
Introduction 118
Women in Custody 120
Health Care Needs of Women Offenders 120
Mental Disorders Among Women In Jail 121
Breakdowns in Women’s Mental Health Care in Jail:
Three Case Studies 122
Jail Mental Health Care:Quality and Effectiveness 125
References 127
CHAPTER8 The Contribution of Childhood Trauma Nahama Broner
to Adult Psychopathology in Dually Diagnosed Sarah Kopelovich
Detainees:Implications for Gender-Based Jail Damon W.Mayrl
and Reentry on Trauma-Informed Services 129 David P.Bernstein
Abstract 129
Introduction 130
viii Contents
Childhood Trauma and Adult Violence and Criminality 131
Childhood Trauma and Substance Use 131
Childhood Trauma and Psychopathology 132
Absence of Research on Dually Diagnosed Populations 135
Methods 136
Sample 136
Procedure 136
Measures 137
Statistical Methods 138
Results 138
Gender Differences 138
Correlates of Childhood Trauma in Male and Female Detainees 144
Effects of Childhood Trauma,Controlling for Gender 146
Summary and Discussion 147
Conclusion 151
References 152
CHAPTER9 Addressing the Mental Health Barbara E.Bloom
Needs of Women Offenders 160 Stephanie Covington
Abstract 160
Introduction 161
Understanding Trauma 162
Theoretical Perspectives 164
Pathways Theory 164
Theory of Women’s Psychological Development 165
Trauma and Addiction Theories 165
Trauma Theory 165
Addiction Theory 167
Woman-Centered Treatment 168
Program Content 168
Trauma 169
Avoid Revictimization and Retraumatization 169
Co-occurring Disorders 170
Societal Realities 171
Therapeutic Approaches 171
Structure of the Program (Context and Environment) 171
Individualized Treatment 172
Women-only Groups 172
The Physical Environment 172
The Psychological Environment 173
Strength-based Treatment 173
Challenges 174
Conclusion 174
References 175
Contents ix
CHAPTER 10 Women Destined to Failure: Lanette P.Dalley
Policy Implications of the Lack of Proper Vicki Michels
Mental Health and Addiction
Treatment for Female Offenders 177
Abstract 177
Introduction 177
Focus of Study 179
Research Methods/Process 179
Overview 180
Characteristics of Female Prisoners 180
General Demographics 180
Family History 180
Social History 181
Legal/Criminal History 181
Interpretation of the Women’s Characteristics Results 181
Special Considerations of Female Offenders 182
The Female Offender’s Addictions 182
Addiction Severity Index Possible Scores 182
Interpretation of the ASI Severity Ratings for Drugs
and Alcohol 183
Other Significant Issues Found in ASI Data 184
Alcohol:The Gateway Drug 184
Chronic Medical Conditions 185
Women’s Mental Health Issues 185
Interpretation of the Mental Health Results 186
Children of Female Offenders 187
General Demographics 187
Children’s Problems Before and During Maternal Imprisonment 188
Separation 189
Visitation 190
Custody and Changes in Children’s Life 190
Agency Intervention 190
Parenting 190
Postrelease Issues 191
Implications and Recommendations 192
Preprison Programming 192
Programming 192
Postrelease Programming. 194
Conclusion 194
References 194
CHAPTER11 Prison-Based Programming for Women Andrew Harris
with Serious Mental Illness 196 Arthur J.Lurigio
Abstract 196
