Table Of Content2009. The Journal ofArachnology 37:225-231
Wolf spiders of the Pacific region: the genus Zoica (Araneae, Lycosidae)
Volker W. Framenau: Department ofTerrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool D.C., Western
Australia 6986, Australia; School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
6009, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]
James W. Berry: Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, USA
Joseph A. Beatty: Department ofZoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501, USA
Abstract. The wolfspidergenus Zoica Simon 1898 iscurrently known only from the Indo-Australasian region, including
Indiain thewesttonorthernWesternAustralia andPapuaNewGuinea in theeast. Hereweextend theknowndistribution
ofthe genus into the Pacific region by describing two new species, Z. carolinensis new species from the Caroline Islands,
Federated States ofMicronesia, and Z. pacifica new species from the Republic ofthe Marshall Islands.
Keywords: Zoicinae, taxonomy, Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Micronesia
Our knowledge of the wolf spider fauna of the Pacific is 2006). Lehtinen & Hippa (1979; p. 2, table 1) proposed a
only fragmentary. The fauna ofNew Caledonia and Vanuatu number of diagnostic characters for the Zoicinae, two of
(e.g., Berland 1924, 1938) and Hawaii (Karsch 1880; Simon which, regarding the male pedipalp, clearly represent synapo-
1899, 1900; Gertsch 1973) have received some attention, morphies for the subfamily: the lack of a median (= tegular)
although most species were described in the late 1800s to early apophysis and the distal origin of the embolus.
1900s. Modem taxonomic descriptions that allow accurate With a body length of generally not more than 2.5 mm,
species identifications do not exist and, in most cases, members of the genus Zoica are amongst the smallest of all
identification ofspecies is impossible without recourse to type wolfspiders. The genus, with Z. parvula (Thorell 1895) as type
material. In addition, generic classification of most Pacific species, was established by Simon (1898) replacing Zohia
wolfspider species does not follow phylogeneticguidelines but Thorell 1895, preoccupied by Zohia Saalmueller 1891, a
is based on perceived similarities of species with genera butterflygenus. Zoicawas revised by Lehtinen & Hippa (1979)
originally described from the Northern Hemisphere, mainly who reported six species from India and Sri Lanka in the
Europe, where most arachnologists were then based. West, throughout Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Malaysia,
The Pacific islands wolf spider fauna currently includes Thailand, Indonesia) including Papua New Guinea to the
representatives of three subfamilies (cf Dondale 1986; east. More recently, a single species of Zoica was described
Murphy et al. 2006). The Lycosinae Sundevall 1833, which from Bhutan (Buchar 1997). Thegenusalso occurs in northern
include genera such as Lycosa Latreille 1804, Hogna Simon Western Australia and the tropical parts of the Northern
1885, Adelocosa Gertsch 1973 and Venatrix Roewer 1960, Territory and Queensland (Australia) (McKay 1979; Platnick
VWF
dominate the wolf spider fauna of the Pacific islands both in 2008; unpublished data).
diversity and local abundance (e.g, Simon 1899, 1900; This study reports the subfamily Zoicinae for the first time
Framenau 2006, unpublished data); however, many Pacific from the Pacific region by describing two new species ofZoica
lycosines are clearly misplaced at the genus level. The from the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of
Artoriinae Framenau 2007 are represented by Artoria Thorell the Marshall Islands (see Fig. 13).
1877, Lycosella Thorell 1890, and Syroloma Simon 1900 and
METHODS
arecurrentlyreported from New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Hawaii,
Samoa, and French Polynesia (e.g., Simon 1900; Berland 1929, A large collection of spiders (“BB” collection, presently
1934; Framenau 2007). Two species of VenoniaThorell 1894in housed at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois,
the subfamily Venoniinae Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 have been USA) was made by J.W. Berry, E.R. Berry, and J.A. Beatty in
reported from Palau (Yoo & Framenau 2006). It appears that a series of collecting trips into the Pacific region: Marshall
the lycosid fauna of the Pacific has strong affinities with Islands (1968, three months; 1969, 3 mo); Palau (1973, 6 mo);
Australia and Southeast Asia as, forexample, Venoniinae and Guam, Yap, Truk (= Chuuk), Ponape (= Pohnpei), Taiwan
Artoriinae do not occur in the Americas to the east. (1973, 1-2 wk each); Yap (1980, 6 mo); Marquesas Islands,
The wolfspider subfamily Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 Tuamotu, Society, Cook and Fiji Islands (1987 & 2004, 6 mo
has so far not been reported from the Pacific. Dondale (1986) in total); Cook Islands (2002, 6 wk); and the Hawaiian islands
synonymized this subfamily with the Venoniinae; however, (1995, 1997 & 1998, 3 mo in total). The collections reported
this synonymy was rejected & the subfamily revalidated in a herein are from the 1973 trip to the Caroline Islands, and
recent revision of Venonia (Yoo & Framenau 2006). Zoicinae 1968, 1969, and 1980 visits to the Marshall Islands. Spiders
include five genera from the Indo-Australasian region: Zoica were generally hand collected.
Simon 1898, Lysania Thorell 1890, Zantheres Thorell 1887, Descriptions are based on specimens preserved in 70%
Margonia Hippa & Lehtinen 1983, and Shapna Hippa & ethanol. Female epigyna were prepared for examination by
Lehtinen 1983 (Hippa & Lehtinen 1983; Yoo & Framenau submersion in 10% KOH for 10 min. For clarity, the
225
226 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
illustrations ofmale pedipalps and female epigyna omit setae. apophysis; lateral apophysis present; embolus a thin, curved
The morphological nomenclature follows Lehtinen & Hippa spine and mostly covered by tegulum in ventral view;
(1979), Hippa & Lehtinen (1983) and Yoo & Framenau epigynum variable, often protruding scape-like posteriorly.
(2006). Lehtinen & Hippa (1979) introduced the term The gently sloping margins of the cephalic area, small size
“truncus” in the Lycosidae for a sclerite ofthe male pedipalp and the lack of a distinct color pattern are here considered
that originates basally between the subtegulum and the synapomorphies for Zoica. Lehtinen & Hippa (1979) reported
tegulum in replacement of Kronestedt’s (1975) “terminal a dorsal abdominal scutum in males, which wecannot confirm
part” [erroneously termed “terminal apophysis” in Lehtinen & for the species described here or for any of the three species
Hippa (1979; p. 3)]. Consequently, they also called the distinct known from Australia (McKay 1979; VWF unpublished
lateral apophysis originating at the truncus, “lateral truncal data).
apophysis” but replaced this term later (Hippa & Lehtinen
1983) with “lateral apophysis” as this structure is referred to Zoica carolinensis new species
here (see Figs. 5, 9). The term “truncus” for the apical section — (Figs. 1, 2, 5-8, 13)
ofthe male bulb has not been used in the lycosid morphology Types. Holotype male. Federated States of Micronesia,
since Lehtinen & Hippa’s (1979) and Hippa & Lehtinen’s Caroline Islands, Ponape (= Pohnpei), E of Kolonia,
(1983) initial studies and was referred to as “embolic division” 6°57'50"S, 158°12'30"E, 7 June 1973 J.A. Beatty, J.W. Berry
in Yoo & Framenau (2006). All measurements are given in (BPBM); paratype female, data as holotype (BPBM).
—
millimeters (mm). Other material examined. FEDERATED STATES OF
Images were taken with a Leica DFC500 digital camera that MICRONESIA: Caroline Islands: 1 female, Pohnpei, E of
was attached to a Leica MZ16A stereomicroscope. Photo- Kolonia, 6°57'N, 158°15'E, 7 June 1973; 2 males, 9 females, 2
graphs were taken in different focal planes (ca. 10-15 images) females with eggsac, 5 juveniles, Pohnpei, Sokehs Island,
and combined with the Leica Application Suite version 6°57'N, 158°11'E, 8 June 1973, J.A. Beatty, J.W. Berry(BB); 1
2.5.0RL — male, 3 females, same data (WAM T80644).
—
Abbreviations. Collections: BB, Berry-Beatty collection, Diagnosis. Zoica carolinensis is similar to Z. wauensis
presently at Southern Illinois University; BPBM, Bernice P. Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 from Papua NewGuinea as illustrated
Bishop Museum, Honolulu (Hawai'i); WAM, Western Aus- in Lehtinen & Hippa (1979), in particular in regard to the
tralian Museum (Perth). Morphology: AE (AME, ALE), structure ofthe male pedipalp. However, the basal part ofthe
anterior (median, lateral) eyes; AL (AW), abdomen length embolus is more exposed in Z. wauensis and the median
(width); CL (CW), carapace length (width); PE (PME, PLE), tegular lobe is narrower and longer than that in Z.
posterior (median, lateral) eyes; TL, total length. carolinensis. Both species differ considerably in the shape of
SYSTEMATICS the femaleepigynum, which is highlyprominent in Z. wauensis
(see Lethinen & Hippa 1979), but is flat in Z. carolinensis.
Family Lycosidae Sundevall 1833 Unfortunately, we were not able to compare specimens of
Subfamily Zoicinae Lehtinen & Hippa 1979 both species as material of Z. wauensis, including the
Zoica Simon 1898 type material, could not be located in the Zoological
Museum, University ofTurku, Finland, where it is supposed
Zohia Thorell 1895:53-54 (preoccupied by the butterfly genus to be housed (S. Kopponen, personal communication to
Zobia Saalmiiller 1891). VWF). Zoica carolinensis differs from Z. pacifica, the
Zoica Simon 1898:248 (replacement name for Zobia Thorell second species described here, by the presence of a median
1895). — tegular lobe in the male pedipalp (absent in Z. pacifica)
Type species. Zobia parvula Thorell 1895, by original and the lack ofa posterior lip ofthe epigynum (present in Z.
designation (Thorell 1895). pacifica).
— —
Diagnosis. Within the Zoicinae, Zoica is most closely Description. Male (based on holotype): Carapace: dorsal
related to Lysania, based on the overall structure of the male profile straight in lateral view; uniformly yellow-brown with
pedipalp and absence of glistening setae on the abdomen gray pigmentation, centrally somewhat lighter, black around
(present in all other genera of the subfamily) (Hippa & eyes (Fig. 1). Eyes: row ofAE as wide as row ofPME; row of
Lehtinen 1983). However, Zoica is generally smaller, (TL 1.5- AE very slightly procurved. Sternum: yellow, with some gray
2.3) than Lysania (TL 2.2-3.0), although sizes may overlap. pigmentation marginally; brown macrosetae mainly margin-
The cephalic area ofZoica is gently sloping laterally, whereas ally. Labium: yellow-brown. Chelicerae: yellow-brown with
it is steep in Lysania (and in all other genera ofthe Zoicinae). indistinct gray pigmentation, basally slightly darker; few
Lysania show distinct color patterns of white anterolateral whitish setae. Pedipalp (Figs. 5, 6): lateral apophysis tapering
abdominal bands and light annulations of the legs, whereas and bent dorsally at tip; embolus covered by terminal
members of Zoica are uniformly yellow-brown to brown. In apophysis both of which are behind median tegular lobe
addition, Lysania build horizontal, sheet-like webs, whereas (Fig. 5). Abdomen: yellow-brown with dense olive-gray
Zoica are vagr—ant (Lehtinen & Hippa 1979). pigmentation (Fig. 1); venter yellow. Legs: leg formula IV >
Description. Minute to small spiders (TL 1.5-2.3); uni- I > II > III; uniformly yellow; spination of leg I; femur: 2
formly yellow-brown to dark grey; cephalic area gradually dorsal (only 1 on right leg), 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 2 ventral
sloping laterally; row of AE recurved to slightly procurved; pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs.
PME never more than half their diameter apart; leg formula Female (basedonparatype): In all details like male (Fig. 2),
IV > I > II > III; male pedipalp without articulated tegular except rowofAEstraight. Epigynum (Figs. 7, 8): ventral view:
—
FRAMENAU ET Ah.—ZOICA OF THE PACIFIC REGION 227
—
Figures 1-4. Zoica spp. 1. Z. carolinensis, holotype male from Ponape, E of Kolonia (Caroline Islands, Micronesia) (BPBM); 2. Z.
carolinensis, paratype female from Ponape, E ofKolonia (Caroline Islands, Federated States ofMicronesia) (BPBM); 3. Z. pacified, holotype
male from Majuro Islet (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands) (BPBM); 4. Z. pacifica, female from Majuro Islet (Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands)
(BPBM). TL: (1) 1.63 mm; (2) 1.77 mm; (3) 1.92 mm; (4) 1.84 mm.
weakly sclerotized with narrow posterior openings (Fig. 7); Variation: S (?) (range, mean ± SD): TL 1.61-1.82, 1.73 ±
dorsal view: fertilization ducts form slightly bent tubes 0.1 1; CL 0.88-0.96, 0.92 ± 0.04; CW 0.63-0.69, 0.67 ± 0.03; n
(Fig. 8). = 3 (TL 1.73-2.28, 2.00 ± 0.17; CL 0.90-1.15, 1.00 ± 0.07;
(1.M77e)a,sCurLem0e.n9t0s(:0.9M2a),leCWhol0o.t6y5p(e0.(6f5)e.maElyeesp:arAaMtyEpe)0:.0T2L(0.10.36)3, CWEty0m.6o5l-o0g.y8.4—, 0T.h7e5 ±spe0c.i0f5i;cnep=ith1e2)t. is an adjective derived
ALE 0.03 (0.04), PME 0.06 (0.08), PLE 0.06 (0.06). Row of from the Carol—ine Islands, where the species is found.
eyes: AE 0.15 (0.17), PME 0.14 (0.17), PLE 0.24 (0.26). Distribution. Known only from Ponape (= Pohnpei) in the
Sternum (length/width) 0.54/0.42 (0.46/0.44). Labium (length/ Caroline Islands, Eederated States of Micronesia (Fig. 13).
width) 0.10/0.12 (0.15/0.10). AL 0.79 (0.81), AW 0.73 (0.63).
Zoicapacifica new species
Legs: lengths of segments (femur, patella/tibia, metatarsus,
t0.a6r3s,us0.=77t,ot0a.l48l,eng0t.h3)6: P-ed2i.p2a5l;pl0e.g38I,I00..3610,,-0,.06.73,60=.441,.006.;3l5eg=I Types.—Holotype ma(Flieg.s.Re3,pu4b,l9i-c13o)f the Marshall Islands,
2.05; leg III 0.56, 0.60, 0.48, 0.33 = 1.96; leg IV 0.77, 0.90, Majuro Atoll, Majuro Islet, 7°05'N, 171°08'E, 2 August 1969,
00..7639,, 00..8430,=0.428.,800.(3P6ed=ipa2l.p36;0.3l1e,g 0I.I380,.65-,, 00..6392, =0.441.,010;.3l5eg=I Jfe.mWa.le,Besrarmy,e dbarteaadasfrhuoilt/octoycpoenu(tBPBliMt)te.r (BPBM); paratype
2.13; leg III 0.60, 0.63, 0.46, 0.33 = 2.02; leg IV 0.79, 1.02, Other material examined. REPUBLIC OF THE MAR-
0.69, 0.38 = 2.88). SHALL ISLANDS: Majuro Atoll: 1 male, 3 females, 5
228 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
—
Figures 5-8. Zoica caroliiwnsis new species. Male holotype and female paratype from Ponape, E ofKolonia (Caroline Islands, Federated
States of Micronesia) (BPBM). 5. Left pedipalp, ventral; 6. Left pedipalp, retrolateral; 7. Epigynum, ventral view; 8. Epigynum, dorsal view.
Scale bars: (5, 6) 0.26 mm; (7, 8) 0.17 mm.
—
juveniles, 7°07'N, 171°2rE, 30 July 1969, J.W. Berry, grassy Diagnosis. Zoica pacifica differs from all other species of
meadow (BB); 1 male, 2 females, 4 juveniles, Arniel Islet, Zoica by the absence of a median tegular lobe in the male
7°06'N, 171°22'E, 1 August 1969, J.W. Berry, grassy area in pedipalp and the presence ofa long posterior lip ofthe female
coconut forest, litter (BB); 1 male, 2 females, 5 juveniles, epigynum. —
Dalap Islet, 7°06'N, 171°22'E, 1 August 1969, J.W. Berry, Description. Male (based on holotype): Carapace: dorsal
coconut/pandanus litter (BB); 1 male, 2 females, 5 juveniles, profile straight in lateral view; uniformly yellow-brown with
Long Island, 6 mi from Laura, 7°05'N, 171°08'E, 24 March gray pigmentation, black around eyes (Fig. 3); light-brown
1980, J.A. Beatty, under coconut husks (BPBM); 1 female, 1 macrosetae around eyes, one large bristle that is bent dorsally
juvenile. Long Island, 6 mi from Laura, 7°05'N, 171°08'E, 24 centrally below AML, two macrosetae below ALE. Eyes: row
March 1980, J.A. Beatty, from dead coconut leaves (BPBM); 2 ofAE as wide as row ofPME; row ofAE straight. Sternum:
females, 5juveniles, Majuro Islet, 7°05'N, 171°08'E, 2 August long yellow-brown macrosetae mainly marginally. Labium:
1969, J.W. Berry, breadfruit/coconut litter (BB); 3 females, yellow-brown. Chelicerae: yellow-brown. Pedipalp (Figs. 9,
Majuro Village, 7°06'N, 171°22'E, 24 July 1968, J.W. Berry, 10): cymbium tip with two ventral macrosetae, lateral
wet tropical forest, litter (BB); 1 female, 2 juveniles, Uotjaa apophysis with mesal protrusion (Fig. 9); terminal apophysis
Islet, 7°07'N, 171°21'E, 26 July 1968, J.W. Berry, Scaevolci with two round lobes and a pointed tip. Abdomen: yellow-
litter (BPBM); 2 females, 3 juveniles, Uotjaa Islet, 7°07'N, brown with dense olive-gray pigmentation (Fig. 3); venter
171°21'E, 26 July 1968, J.W. Berry, coconut litter (BPBM); 2 yellow. Legs: leg formula IV > I > II > III; uniformly yellow;
females, 1 juvenile, Uotjaa Islet, 7°07'N, 171°21'E, 26 July spination of leg I: femur: 2 dorsal (only 1 on right leg), 1
1968, J.W. Berry, grass litter (BB); 6 females, 6 juveniles, apicoprolateral; tibia: 2 ventral pairs; metatarsus: 1 ventral.
Uotjaa Islet, 7°()7'N, 171°21'E, 25 July 1968, J.W. Berry, Female (basedonparatype): In all details like male (Fig. 4),
under coconut litter (BB). except leg spination: femur: 2 dorsal, 1 apicoprolateral; tibia: 2
FRAMENAU ET AL.—ZOICA OF THE PACIFIC REGION 229
03
0
roo
w
—
Figures 9-12. Zoicapacificanew species. Maleholotype and female paratypefrom Majuro Islet (MajuroAtoll, Marshall Islands) (BPBM).
9,Leftpedipalp,ventral; 10, Leftpedipalp, retrolateral; 11, Epigynum, ventral view; 12, Epigynum, dorsal view. Scalebars: (9, 10)0.20 mm; (11,
12) 0.19 mm.
ventral pairs; metatarsus: 3 ventral pairs. Epigynum (Figs. 11, 2.23; leg III 0.63, 0.69, 0.48, 0.35 = 2.15; leg IV 0.81, 1.06,
12); ventral view: weakly sclerotized with long posterior lip 0.73, 0.44 = 3.03).
(Fig. 11); dorsal view: spermathecal heads slightly wider than Variation: S (9) (range, mean ± SD): TL 1.65-1.92, 1.76 ±
spermathecal stalks, fertilization ducts long and curved 0.11; CL 0.90-0.98, 0.94 ± 0.04; CW 0.65-0.71, 0.68 ± 0.03; n
(Fig. 12). = 4 (TL 1.77-2.30, 2.03 ± 0.18; CL 0.92-1.11, 1.02 ± 0.05;
Measurements: Male holotype (female paratype): TL 1.92 CW 0.69-0.81, 0.75 ± 0.03; n = 12).
(1.84), CL0.98 (1.00), CW 0.71 (0.73). Eyes: AME 0.02 (0.03), Etymology.—The specific epithet is an adjective derived
ALE 0.03 (0.03), PME 0.07 (0.08), PEE 0.06 (0.07). Row of from pacificus (Latin - peaceful) and refers to the Pacific
eyes: AE 0.16 (0.17), PME 0.16 (0.17), PEE 0.25 (0.27). region, where the species is found.
—
Sternum (length/width) 0.46/0.44 (0.54/0.48). Labium (length/ Distribution. Only known from Majuro Atoll in the
width) 0.12/0.16 (0.12/0.16). AL 0.79 (1.02), AW 0.56 (0.65). Republic ofthe Marshall Islands (Fig. 13).
Legs: lengths of segments (femur, patella/tibia, metatarsus, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
0t.a7r1s,us0.=81t,ot0a.l54l,eng0t.h4)0: P=ed2i.p4a6l;pl0e.g38I,I00..3649,,-0,.07.53,60=.501,.009.;3l5eg=I We are especially grateful for the Academic Research
2.28; leg III 0.63, 0.69, 0.52, 0.33 = 2.17; leg IV 0.83, 1.00, Grants from Butler University awarded to JWB which helped
00..7715,, 00..8412,=0.530.,000.(3P8ed=ipa2l.p40;0.2l9e,g 0II.340,.65-,, 00..7351, =0.406.,940;.3l6eg=I s(fuoprpmoerrtlythtehefiAetldomwiocrkE.neTrhgey CUo.Sm.misDseipoanr)tmeprnotviodfedEnterarvgeyl
230 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY
120”E 130°E 140"E 150“E 160°E 170“E
120”E 130°E 140°E ISO'E 160°E 170“E
—
Figure 13. Records ofZoicci carolinensis new species (black circle) and Zoicapacifica new species (gray circle).
funds for the work in the Marshall Islands. Two travel grants Gertsch, W.J. 1973. Thecavernicolous fauna ofHawaiian lava tubes,
from the Indiana Academy ofScience to JWB were ofmaterial 3. Araneae (spiders). Pacific Insects 15:163-180.
assistance. Elizabeth Ramsey Berry’s contribution to all Hippa, H. & P.T. Lehtinen. 1983. The zemtheres group of Zoicinae
phases of the fieldwork in the Pacific and at home have been (Araneae, Lycosidae) and a relimitation ofthe subfamily. Annales
Zoologici Fennici 20:151-156.
invaluable. The staff at the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, has
been ofassistance in many wVayWsFovera period ofdecades. This Karwsachhr,enFd. s1e8i8n0e.rpMoiltytnheesiilsucnhgeniRibeeirsedigeesvaomnmelHteernrnMyDrri.apOo.deFninusncdh
study was compiled while received funds through the Arachniden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender
Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) to Mark Freunde Berlin 5:77-83.
Harvey (Western Australian Museum) and Andy Austin Kronestedt, T. 1975. Studies on species of Holarctic Pardosa groups
(The University ofAdelaide) for a revision ofthe wolfspider (Araneae, Lycosidae). 1. Zoologica Scripta 4:217-228.
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Scharff(University ofCopenhagen) for a revision ofthe orb- region. 1. Lycosidae: Venoniinae and Zoicinae. Annales Zoologici
weaving spider fauna (Araneinae) of Australia. The senior Fennici 16:1-22.
aMuatrhkor Hacakrnvoewyleddguersi,nginsptaurdtiiecsulaart, tthheesuWpepsotretrnofhAiusstmreanltioarn McKLyacyo,sidaRe.)J:. 1109.79A. Tnheew swpoelcfiesspoifdertsheogfenAuusstrFallainaona(ArSainmeoane.:
Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 19:231-235.
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