Table Of ContentWESTPHALIA
Previous Publications
Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe: Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia,
1643–1648 (1999)
A Historical Dictionary of the 1648 Peace of Westphalia , with Anuschka Tischer (2001)
W
ESTPHALIA
THE LAST CHRISTIAN PEACE
Derek Croxton
ISBN 978-1-349-46220-9 ISBN 978-1-137-33333-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137333339
WESTPHALIA
Copyright © Derek Croxton, 2013.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-33332-2
All rights reserved.
First published in 2013 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the
world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
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Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United
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ISBN: 978–1–137–33332–2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Croxton, Derek, 1969–
Westphalia : the last Christian peace / Derek Croxton.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978–1–137–33332–2 (alkaline paper)
1. Peace of Westphalia (1648) 2. Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648—
Peace. 3. Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648—Diplomatic history.
4. Europe—History—1648–1789. 5. Europe—Foreign relations—
1648–1715. I. Title.
D269.C77 2013
940.2’41—dc23 2013002341
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: July 2013
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Tanya
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments i x
Chronology Chart x i
Part I Background
1 Introduction 3
2 The Thirty Years’ War 35
3 Origins of the Congress of Westphalia 55
4 Governments and Goals 1 05
5 Structures 127
Part II Negotiations
6 The Long Beginning 1 91
7 Foreign Satisfaction 217
8 German Issues 269
Part III Conclusion
9 Consequences 331
10 Foundations 3 39
11 Innovations 363
Notes 389
Bibliography 4 17
Index 4 35
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book began at a doctor’s appointment in Garden City, Michigan. I
mentioned to the physician that I wanted to write this book someday, and
she told me I needed to write it immediately rather than waiting. That was
ten years ago, but I started because of her encouragement and I regret that I
can’t remember her name. Thank you.
The completion of this book I owe to God for giving me the perseverance
to see it through.
Between beginning and ending, I am grateful to many people. Coworkers
have been very encouraging. My thanks to those at American Background,
AFRC, and Pragmatics for their support.
Thanks to everyone at the “Making Peace” conference, sponsored by
Williamson Murray, for giving me the confidence to work on this book full
time, especially Fred Anderson.
My Doktorvater , Geoffrey Parker, has given me ongoing encouragement
and advice. He and Paul Schroeder read the manuscript and gave me useful
comments. Two specialists on Westphalia have been helpful. Frau Dr. Maria-
Elisabeth Brunert has answered questions and forwarded me offprints of her
articles, which always offer an interesting new perspective. I am especially
indebted to Professor Dr. Anuschka Tischer, who has always been ready to
answer my inane questions or help me with unusual translations. She also
read a version of the manuscript before it was ready, and I apologize for
inflicting that on her.
This book could not have been completed without the library at the
University of Virginia, which lends freely to state residents as many other
state universities (I found to my discouragement) do not. I also appreciate
my time at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at The
Ohio State University, and am grateful to Prof. Ned Lebow for granting me
a fellowship to do research there.
As always, my family has played a large role in the creation of this book:
my parents, Brenda and Don Croxton, for their encouragement; my in-laws,
Don and Monika Kienzle, for granting me some time at their home to write
away from distractions; to my father-in-law in particular, who has been very
supportive to the point of reading the manuscript and giving me his feed-
back; my children, Alex and Jonathan, for continuing to support me even
after they found out I was not writing a Magic Treehouse book; and above
all my wife, Tanya, who has demonstrated the patience of Penelope in wait-
ing so long for me to complete this endeavor.
