WestminsterResearch Democratisation, mass media and the anti-corruption drive in Africa

315 Pages·2012·2.83 MB·English

WestminsterResearch
http://www.westminster.ac.uk/westminsterresearch

Democratisation, mass media and the anti-corruption drive in
Africa: the case of Nigeria, 1999-2015
Babasola, O.

This is an electronic version of a PhD thesis awarded by the University of Westminster.
© Mr Oluwasina Babasola, 2017.
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DEMOCRATISATION, MASS MEDIA AND THE ANTI-CORRUPTION DRIVE
IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA, 1999-2015

OLUWASINA ABIDEMI BABASOLA

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

OCTOBER 2017

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DEDICATION

This dissertation is dedicated to Almighty God for seeing me through the course and to pioneer
Chairman of ICPC, Justice Mustapha Akanbi for his zeal for a corruption free Nigeria.

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP

I, Oluwasina Abidemi Babasola, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where
material has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated and
acknowledged.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To think and successfully complete a dissertation of this nature, it is essential to have the willing
cooperation of many people. My gratitude goes first to the Almighty God that makes life and living
possible. Second, I am grateful for the patience and support provided by the members of my
supervisory team, Dr. Winston Mano and Prof Jean Seaton, particularly Dr. Winston Mano, my
Director of Studies. I acknowledge, with deep appreciation, the academic guidance given by the
supervisory team most especially, Dr. Anthony McNicholas. I also thank Dr. Tabir Sabry for his
feedback. This dissertation was researched, written and rewritten in Nigeria and the United
Kingdom.
Therefore, I owe profound thanks to those who supported me financially in the course of this work,
notably the Governor, State of Osun, Nigeria, Mr. Rauf Aregbesola, Engr. Seyi Makinde, Alhaji
Azeez Ashiru Adelani. Also, I wish to register my sincere thanks to my mentors and friends in
Nigeria and America who kept me going, with their words of encouragement and moral support,
especially when everything appeared dark -Prof. Wale Adebanwi, Prof. Ebenezer Obadare, Prof.
Adigun Agbaje, Dr. Bunmi Ajibade, Justice Emmanuel Ayoola, Dr. Laninhun, Dr. Omololu
Olunloyo, Prof. Femi Soyinka, Dr. Segun Olatunji, Dr. David Enweremadu, Comrade Biyi
Odunlade and Senator Femi Lanlehin.
I am equally grateful for the considerable assistance offered by top officials and colleagues at the
Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) -Barrister
Abdullahi Bako, Dr. Elvis Oglafa, Dr. Musa Usman Abubakar, Akeem Lawal, Akeem Folahanmi,
Engr. Rafiu Adeniyi, Adebayo Obaniyi, Kayode Kupolati, Kabiru Elelu, Adenike Lawal (Mrs),
Hassan Salihu, Jimoh Oladapo, Anike Adeshina (Mrs), Simeon Ogungbade, Mary Atabo, Tope
Sokan, Murna Barnabas Atiyaye, Ruth Awodi, Solomon Kogi and others too numerous to mention
here. Worthy of mentioning are the staff of the libraries of University of Newcastle and
Northumbria University, it was there where I carried most of my research and writing while in
Newcastle. Many of the critical stakeholders in the Anti-Corruption Campaigns that I interviewed
were very generous with their time. I am grateful to everyone that I interviewed, whether formally
or informally, and those I interacted with while on fieldwork.
Special thanks are due to Alhaji Yusuff Ali, Ayo Adesanmi Dr. Lekan Akinola, Maryam
Mohammed, Dele Oguntayo, Taye Fagbemi, Ibrahim Sanni, Festus Ojudun, Lt. Col Kingsley
Adimoha (rtd.) and family, Mr. Abubakar Idris, Mike Peters, Pastor Segun Jolayemi, Dr. Jeremiah
Ekele and Pastor Femi Folorunsho, for their assistance during my fieldwork. I recollect with great
respect Professor Jonathan Rutherford, formerly of the Middlesex University, North London, who
helped in the course of preparing and submitting a PhD proposal to different Universities in the
UK. His positive and sound academic guidance when he supervised my second Master’s Degree
at the Middlesex University helped tremendously in this course of this work. Indeed, Ropo
Babasola, Tunji Aderibigbe, Gani Awosoji, and Garfa Omisore, all in the UK participated in this
project by providing all sorts of assistance that were most needed.

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My late parents were there every inch of the way before death took them away, so were my
siblings. In all the challenges that I faced in the last six years, no one, apart from God deserve
greater gratitude than my best friend and wife, Bukola. Together with our children, Opeyemi and
Rhoda, they bore the challenges of my long and regular absence from home; she held forth
graciously. Bukola deserves special tribute, were it not for her constant support, prayers and
criticism, this dissertation would never have been taken to its conclusion.
For all the weaknesses of this dissertation, however, I accept all responsibilities.

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MAP OF NIGERIA

Source. Adapted from Ngex.com

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GLOSSARY
FOI Freedom of Information (Act)
FRCN Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
MRA Media rights Agenda
NBC Nigeria Broadcasting Commission
NGE Nigerian Guild of Editors
NPC Nigerian Press Council
NPO Nigerian Press Organisation
NUJ Nigerian Union of Journalists
NTA Nigerian Television Authority
ICPC Independence Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission
EFCC Economic and Financial Crime Commission
CCB Code of Conduct Bureau
HDI Human Development Index
TI Transparency International
GCB Global Corruption Barometer
NDHS Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
NPC National Population Commission
HDI Human Development Index
NPAN Newspapers Proprietors Association of Nigeria
FM Frequency Modulation
DTH Direct-to-Home
DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite
NGOs Non-Government Organisations
CBOs Community Based Organisations
BPP Bureau of Public Procurement
TUGAR Technical Unit on Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms
PCC Public Complaints Commission

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NEITI Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency Initiatives
UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
AUCPC African Union Combating and Preventing of Corruption
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

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Table of Contents
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ 2
DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 3
MAP OF NIGERIA ........................................................................................................................ 6
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 7
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 14
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.0 Background to the study ............................................................................................. 14
1.1 Brief history of Nigeria ............................................................................................... 19
1.2 Historical development of the media industry in Nigeria........................................... 23
1.3 Objectives of the Study............................................................................................... 29
1.4 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 29
1.5 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................... 30
1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 31
1.7 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................................... 32
1.8 An Overview of the Chapters ..................................................................................... 33
1.9 Conceptual Clarification/Definition of Terms ............................................................ 34
1.10 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................... 40
DEMOCRaTISTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ..... 40
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 40
2.2 The Definitions of democracy: from the West to the Rest: The contestation of
democracy .............................................................................................................................. 41
2.3 Origin of Democracy: Divergent Views ..................................................................... 43
2.4 Forms and Models of Democracy .............................................................................. 51
2.5 The Media in the Democratic Process ........................................................................ 56
2.6 Media as an Instrument of Democratic Accountability .............................................. 59
2.7 Critical Approaches/Theories of the Media ................................................................ 62
2.8 Theories of Corruption ............................................................................................... 73
2. 9 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 83

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