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About Water Treatment Water Treatment: Lecture 6: Softening
This document discusses water hardness and softening. It defines hardness as the presence of calcium and magnesium ions that cause issues like reduced soap efficiency and scaling. Hardness is classified as soft (0-75 mg/L as CaCO3), moderately hard (75-150 mg/L as CaCO3), or hard/very hard (over 150 mg/L as CaCO3). Hardness can be temporary (carbonate) or permanent (non-carbonate). Softening methods are discussed to remove calcium and magnesium ions through precipitation reactions. An example calculation demonstrates determining hardness, alkalinity, and ion concentrations in mg/L as CaCO3 from raw water quality data.
Detailed Information
| Author: | ['Abo-Khaled Mohammed'] |
|---|---|
| Publication Year: | 2014 |
| Pages: | 29 |
| Language: | English |
| Format: | |
| Price: | FREE |
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