Water Policy and Cultural Exchange

29 Pages·2015·0.25 MB·English

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff CCoolloorraaddoo LLaaww SScchhooooll
CCoolloorraaddoo LLaaww SScchhoollaarrllyy CCoommmmoonnss
Allocating and Managing Water for a
Sustainable Future: Lessons from Around the 2002
World (Summer Conference, June 11-14)
6-12-2002
WWaatteerr PPoolliiccyy aanndd CCuullttuurraall EExxcchhaannggee:: TTrraannssffeerrrriinngg LLeessssoonnss ffrroomm
AArroouunndd tthhee WWoorrlldd ttoo tthhee WWeesstteerrnn UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess
James L. Wescoat
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/allocating-and-managing-water-for-
sustainable-future
Part of the Environmental Law Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, International Law
Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Law Commons, Natural
Resources Management and Policy Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, Public Policy
Commons, State and Local Government Law Commons, Sustainability Commons, Transnational Law
Commons, Water Law Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons
CCiittaattiioonn IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn
Wescoat, James L., "Water Policy and Cultural Exchange: Transferring Lessons from Around the World to
the Western United States" (2002). Allocating and Managing Water for a Sustainable Future: Lessons
from Around the World (Summer Conference, June 11-14).
https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/allocating-and-managing-water-for-sustainable-future/58
Reproduced with permission of the Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Resources, Energy, and the Environment
(formerly the Natural Resources Law Center) at the University of Colorado Law School.
James L. Wescoat, Water Policy and Cultural
Exchange: Transferring Lessons from Around the
World to the Western United States, in ALLOCATING AND
MANAGING WATER FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: LESSONS FROM
AROUND THE WORLD (Natural Res. Law Ctr., Univ. of
Colo. Sch. of Law 2002).

Reproduced with permission of the Getches-Wilkinson
Center for Natural Resources, Energy, and the
Environment (formerly the Natural Resources Law
Center) at the University of Colorado Law School.
:egnah clxaErut ldyuncCai lroePtaW
set adteSt innrUe t dseole h trWetdohnWtu om rosArnfos sgenLirrefsnarT

taoc ss.eeLWmaJ
yhpar g tofneoeGmtra p,eoDdar o ylftooiCsrev i,nrUosseforP

setoN rof anoitatneserp
ecnnoere ftenahotc

itacollA“ :erut ueFlbaniat s ru aoSrfet agWnigan ad Mngan
”dlr oe Whdtnuo rmAo rsfnosseL

sr eewctar nLuleoaCsreuRtaN
w aflLoooh coSdarol ofyCotisrevinU

1e1nuJ – 14, 2002

s’rotidEetoN cnerefn oe c hfntooitelpm o nc.o tpfU a srtaidnemuc ogdniwoll o:e fhT e,
. sretnese rrpeh tmoo rlfairet ahmt idwetarget ndi ndaesiv e erlbl ilwairet asmiht
si htta hnte v. ieGcnerefn oec h ntdoes akbo o nabrietpa heacsirpm olcl i tw,iyletamitlU
ssim rteupoh tdiewt oyulqtc e trdeoilbndu orhosh te,uhtatnemu cgond isk iraow d n,anoi
s i ,hsotetcnere f de ,nr efa ysodnnueia tdeolbnu othnsemu c eoefhdrotu ttafn aerhdt
work.

1
Contents

.1 mtenlebmoertPatS ................................ ................................ ............... 3
0e 2hnetignahc xlEarutl ulCanoitanret nd Inraet a.W2 ht :yrut neC
sd n reuroTF ................................ ................................ .......................... 5
A. secruos erRet ansWiegna hdCipaR d neagdelwo nK
tne meg al naatMne mnor ivnE ................................ .......................... 5
B. lanoitanret no.ItS .nUrets ee Whnntioitnet tgAninilceD
Experience ................................ ................................ ..................... 5
C. nsitrep xrEet anWrets e fWtonemevlov ngInisaercnI
s tce j ol raPno ita nre tnI ................................ ................................ ..... 7
D. eru td,une Fal,oeRru tetahu Ntoybtair aglnCisaerceD rfeotaW
egn a hc xy Ec il oP ................................ ................................ ............ 8
esohnTTos stenLemega nraeM tlaaWnoitanre tgnnIirrefsn a.r3T
sehca olrapcp iAte r :rontueasohceFT iWremA ................................ ...... 9
A. e vyirtoae erhdcaTnipatmcoaCrP ................................ ................. 9
B. noissnuo fifftoiaDvonnI ................................ ............................. 11
C. st n rne geiml nteadi avinnlMWocaraMoaiSecLoS anagement ... 13
D. lsargoerL rsditnMn aallapgsenLarT ................................ .......... 15
ssnnooi i t.sda4unclaiclnpomCI ................................ ............................. 17
secnerefeR ................................ ................................ ............................. 19

2
kr omwo rsfme tesgnahc xlearutl udc nyacil orpet alwanoitanret n nitiseret nyiM
rol o,Cnoyn adCoowne lnsGitcejo rnpgis entdocetihc reapacsd n saaal , t, iodadnwaauK
.rehton an ismelbor pgnisserdd aneh wecal pen on idenia gegdelwon kgnis uylticilpmi
s e ns,o ro kugI ooayo ccttfiiohsCr et vnteieah ndte Uutyt alssuta dnaaerugqesbuS
t u,baciremaos edM n,atpy g,Eaimatopos e nMsimets ynsoitagir rtineicna deref fyoeht
dseadra gyelretanre t slhaacw i,h.w Sn.rUet s eeenhwnoton citoxe d na mundane. m o rF
s asheicil orpet afnwoosirapm occihpargo e,gtnese re phosttecneirep xyelr aeeseht
tdethgile dm aIdn a,gnitalumit syllautcelletn is alle ws alufes udemees si hetv aoh
ytinutropp oot poleved taht .emeht

tneme tmaetl Sb.o1rP

,yrutn etcs aep hrte vyollacihpargo edgednap xse adhle itfnemegan armet aewhT
,stcejo rlpanoitanret n,isecruos etrenret nfnIooisnap xe ehhtt iswra etynec enyrillaicepse
,levartart wr,o eshn spi“ofiaiohptt s le.aunrqo tientheaTc csuedceru ors ee,dtrenadaw
” ?ysMeca ltpnats imdo r.fS .nUrets ee Whr tonfwa resdbnoss etlnemegan armet anwac
luciff ildiat nyee h,tts eeW h otdterrefsna r etnb ascnoss etlnatrop meili htwa h stsiiseht t
x itssa ete lareare h,tdeed n.Isegnella hlcarutl ud cn,alacigolodoht e,mlaciteroeht
stnemugra tsniaga : srefsna rttnemegan armetaw

1) ecnavelerrI – eht tsom emer ttxneemu gsrtaressa taht h,ceaseruoc rreettaaww
lmao rsfreff indoitazinag rroet ar,woresu lac oyll nsou hdt n,asreh tlo
gn oelv ashnoitulos -.ytilibaniatsu sdn aecneila smret 1

2) Incompatibility – sser dsdra erseu tealw ith awshttre stsnaemu gsr iaht
etbonn ascnoitul orsie h,tsesruocret aewlbarapm onscomelbo replbarapmoc
u leossua cdeebrrefsnart reolbitapmoc ne irtaxetn oe cnndoiepolev esdnoit
.stxetn orceh tneoilbaniatsusnu

3) ytilibisneherpmocnI – yllaitnet onpe hnwe vtea hsttsegg utsnemug rsaiht
wo nykler aerlpo e,psae rtanereff i nddiepolev eed rsanoitul oeslbitapmoc woh
m omr efrhetfsn aortt one place to another.

4) ytimixorP – e rsano itul otsnats i fdnie vtea hsttsegg uwse ievmert xses esliht
em idt neaca p nsrieso lscnoitul o,selbisneherpm odc n,aelbitapm o,ctnaveler
tneiciffu se bo tyleki losl aer adn a,.ct e,ecnavele rero meva hyleki lera to
,stes sda nsaeitilibap anc wso tsipolev endoi g .e sasrAmelbo rlpac oslserdda
.elihwhtr oywlgnisaerc e sdsanoitul otsnats ird ohfcra ees hstwe itvi
e blli wdn ana cyeh t,esuffi dsecal ptnatsi dn istnemirepx es a,ylesrevnoC
of fleaice ptsuoht idwebrosba rt.

1 elihW etihW )7591( dezisahpme taht yreve revir si ,tnereffid eh osla werd elbaulav snoitazilareneg tuoba
international river basin development.
3
5) noicreoC – em otsa hgtniug r,akc attnereff iydllacid asarek attnemug rsaiht
ta hsty a nwriehto n naeoca lep n yodbesop mnie eebv a”hsrefsnar tl“acirotsih
,ts e d u ee nqektfinhaaootwict osegereiant are er ntt,ea .hw,gwl.uef merraah
rsaeicil orpetaw ne h rw,oseiradnu ombetsyso csesor cyallacitirc nduednet xee
. ssAeirotirr edtezinol o ncdiehcnu ael rsatnemirep xtenemegan armet aywksir
tnemegan armet anwgier ogfnisuf enre httw iurpegan armet akweb zeUno
ev aeh W,“ecnedneped nriet fyaltro hescnatsissa it n”A!sehcats un mwr ouo -
rehto nea rsaeilpp urset a fwnooitazitavi rtpsnia gsatnemev onmoitazilabolg
.sessec oervpic r deseoadcra g et eeraorcahtnwats i esfleoprmaxe

6) Difference – fsonoss eel h ftyon atma hwte ieavra hsstnemug rease h ftlola
i lroeptaw s ae bna csnosse levitage nelih W.evitage nnee beva hsrefsnar tyc
e h,tylesrev n. odCetacilp e ertb otns uyme h,tse neovitis o spealbaulav
fsoesseco replbatiu qhet idwenrecn oycltni o ejdbluo hescnereff i fdsocitilop
ll ecwimono c,erefsnart - s uds n,agnieb semo csteucoru or seeetlrabwaniat
(Young, 1990).

stnemu gersa ehfhcotaE tsniaga rehto noeatca le pnmoo rsfnoss eglniward
tnes e .rr rpoeFp aeprit nneeasirpm odclu ohcci h,wlattub ed rnnaoitaroba lseetivni
, s ry teee,svv hsorer tepewossesoaodhpiruugp gnipolev ende hdwedio v ea obstllaftip
snos s wetoluh osbtanemugra nac . s yyM aewlbatiu qde nealbaniats u nsdierrefsna retb
hcaorppa si:ot

.1 s d thrnnrtueiaior0twft2S ht dr eo rk fe ortvyoaacwh hitrl eoytprauw tnec
sohnttos srfeeolfsn a erthtstniaga e nrets.eSW.U

.2 nta acshethcaor plpaautpec nro ucyoefv r,outtsxet nloaccirot ssi ihnhithtiW
:ts eeW h otstnoss eglnisimo r fproefsna rettatilic apfleh
a. noitaitnereff idD nnaosirapmoC
.b snoitavonn If onoisuffiD
c. stnemev olMaic odS nganinra elLaicoS
.d na rlTageL stnalps

.3 sehcaor p dpsnadan eerst e whenotvohitceps reevpitarge thnn taieidwulcnoC
.ecneref n esofhncotois seevsitnats brue s hk n trtnioeoouatbwpc

4
eg nn ailehahcrTx0 uE2ltalnu oC.i2ta nr redetntaanWI ht sdn err uT:oyFrut neC

eh0T2 ht yarwut nec ,tnempole vseedcruo sr ee drtfoaoi wryerpanidroa r stnxae
tnemeg a,dnnnaoamitce t,onropitadarged -- e h. ftsOrotcesb uls l nadi nsaela cls l taa
nrets ee whetvlov ntia hstdne rrtu osfthgilhg irhep aspi h,tderruc ctoa hstegna hycnam
U.S.:

• n isegnah CdipaR .tnemegan alMatnemnoriv nd Eneagdelwo nsKecruos erRet aW

• . ecneirep xlEanoitanret n oIytcil orPet anWrets e nWnioitnet tgAninilceD

• .stcejo rlPanoitanret nnsIitrep xrEet anWrets eftWonemevlov ngInisaercnI

• ufeCosa htPx ee Nhttuo byatira lgCnisaerceD .egnahc xlEarutl

.woll otfa hstnoitc ees h ntdietartsul ldi ndaenilt uyolfei reb rsadne rrtu oefsehT

latn ee mgs .n d edAodesgirnle npiawc naavorrihRnnueCEKotsaeWR
Management.

q,asciluard y,hygolord yghnireenig n fesodle ief h,t00 0d2 n0a0 9n1eewteB citau
ycil orpet anwrets e fwsodle irfeh tdo n,aw arlet a,wyhpargord y,hygolonm i,lygoloce
rte et hna. t rw )ewfe,0hoott0Trna0gIo2 csseecW n(yarvadnaidro aeervdtaaxhme
eno lnaoitamrof nsiecruoser -- noisic ed dn,asled o,mat aosdttnemuc omdo rgfnign ar
us sme ttsryospp – ,ararr ed Fn,ataocs e,Weti heWe sn(oitpircs eedvisneherpm oycf ed
tnemega nraem tnnaoowitamro f ,n.ei )m eti mpt eamthseA t t rnt.,oaa pAf,p2a002
hguo h,tylgnisaerc neimoc eebv adhlr oe w hfstotr arpeh tnsoiehcaorp pd ansamelborp
i ntuon ret atws ot m ofynin a.r m)o0F0 0,2nosrovl ad Hntaaocse We(lbissec c,aylmrof
d ntanemegan armet afswoeidu tlsanoitanret n,i.S .nUrets ee w hnstireganam
dn af onoisnapx edipa rsih tf othgi ln .Ielbaliav aylgnisaercn ier aycilo platnemnorivne
ssecca otcs lanoitanret nticelg e onetsn eesk a tmni awc o,hnoitamrof nyicil odp ncaifitnei
? ecneirep xtenemegan armetaw

.B gninil cneoDitnettA ni eht nretseW .S.U ot lanoiteacnnreeitrneIpxE

lanoitanret nticelg eorntaep psae oydcil orpet anwrets e,wylgnisirpruS
d n,axelpm ostcinemegan armet anwgier ontfiseret nnirets efdworoc e.e rehcTneirepxe
di meh tn isnige byrot se h .Tere hdeniltu oylfeir byln oe bnac - 19 ht hat iywrutn ec
:elpma x.r esorFegan armet anwrets eywlr ageno meadutit tnaatilopoms oyclbakramer

.1 r ogfnihcra eesvit cfsaoelpma xyen ae mreare h,ts01 9os1t06 8e 1hgtniruD
:gnidulcn i,snosse llanoitanretni
5
)1( e hnttis aeEldd ie Mhd tn,aepor u,Eai snsAitamolp iosdtrett erlalusnoC
, ;,)s,h)4 4 nts16.7 eiar08f8oag koa01c1srsrcM2(lo0esae6PeG8W1(
rof e hdt neapor umEo rsfnoss ellatnemnoriv n ne,otamolp irdem
.naenarretideM

)2( naiid nd In,aepor u,Etpy g,Eani h,Cailarts uosAtnoitagel egdnireenignE
eet9ha1tl ht ;6 8,8l 1l;a5 H7,8n1osdi v;a4 D0,9n1w o,r.Bg .yer(ut nec
09 8,1nosliW - 91, 1894).

)3( ilbu pngieroF dna lf oseirarbi ldetaer cylwe neh tn isnoitac - ytisrevi ntunarg
ytisrev ientU aotdSaro l eodnhCeitcned i,sv.ae g,.semarg onropisnetxe
.s0 8y 8l s1reftahoreto pten rengoaisnetxe

)4( e hoettpor ud Enaai smAo rsftsilaice prset anwgier ofnfooitargiM
nretsew .srotagir rd insanosameno tosstreenig nleiv imco rgfnign a,r.S .U

)5( d nraet answokoobes ad cnsaesitae rnstiw arlet anwgier ofsfoyevruS
.)11 9l1i e;W50 9,1er a;W21 9,1yenni Kw( anloitagirri

)6( ,.g. es(kr orwet ad wnsalan ancacire meAvit aftNonempolevedeR eh tn i
.)a e,raanoz i,rxAineohP

.2 eyuldt r,an pwdoedw oslesssec olrapnoitanre tens ie,hs t0 s4o0 9t1eg19hn1tiruD
ret anwrets e fwsoeitilibap alcanoig egrnisaerc ndi n,asr a,wsesi rlcaicnan ioft
.snoitazinagro

.3 t s edonhepitrru ctcfo ir hots juaaBm - war n es h0 sw8o0 9 t5e1m 9ho,1trsfr aey
gninnig e,becneirep xleanoitanret noritef eoertsa esctnemuc ordet anwretsew
d nlaared e,f.e. it(nemegan armet afswonoitadnu olfanoitutitsn oe chhtt idwaetsni
sW’tnedise r,P.g. e)(snoital ed rnsaeitilibisnops eertats yci lsoePcruo sreeRta
draw nsii h,tyllacin o. r)I05 9,1noissimmoC - re tnarwet seneviwitceps rgenpikool
reh t notinempolev erdet a nwtinemevlov n.iS .gUnisaerc nhit idwedicni oyccilop
.snoiger

.4 uoicsn olcanoitanret n fieospil cgeniunitn osci h fttonet xeehT nrets e nwsisens
e h. tf;c89 9,1CARP W;W99 9,1CR Ns(trop etrnec entrinedi vsyeicil orpetaw
.)10 0,2sm a nDnooissimm odClr oeW h fteovitcepsr elpanoitanretni 2

0e2t ael hgtnir uddesaerc nyicil odp nwa arlet anwrets e nwmisilaihcoraP ht .y rut nec

2 There are important academic exceptions in western water research, e.g., Ingram et al.,1995; Gleick and
Morrison, Moench, 1991, 1999; NRC, 2002; and Worster, 1985 to name a few.
6
erehT nsinoitpec xtenatrop mnie eebvah lacirotsih evi tef a l oeNhonhcrotraeser
e h ntsirotagir rhisitto cdS n,aibajn u,Pesenap a,Jnaila t,Icinaps i,Heseni h,CnaciremA
syicil orpet aywraropmetn or cosfkr ocwimeda cease hfetocnavel ee rht tu,btsew
. rWaelcnu elbarapm otcuo bdaemrof nyilgnisaerc emde esstnemuc oydcil orpet anwretse
acire mhAtu o,Sepor u,Eai s,Aacir f nAsitroffe – laitnet odp nlaaut craie h stlal e swa
wdeenpole vee vdsanhoi geesr odsheatrru c scd.ao nSh ee. rshrUe oittcfhnTaveler
sehcaorppa desaerc nhiguor httr a np,iegdelwo ndk n,aseitilibap a,cstnemirep x,e
.stre prxee tnarwet stfenowemevlovni 3

lanoitanr e stntnirIe prxe EtnarWe t tsfneoeWmevlo vgnnIisaer c.nCI
stcejorP

e9gh1ntiruD ht srot iesmiov c elsretewrw erp ex .te,Say.wrUu tnec to water
.smets yesso hhtt iewcneirep xdeeliat eedltt idl ayhe htt u,berehwes lde naai s nAsitcejorp
e hhtguor h,tsnoitpec xeem ohst i,wdetsisr esprehcraes enrgier ofnfooisulc xleainoloC
dim - 20 ht .n Sae. rUsenwoitpe ctxneatro pem r ieog.hmnyt ormuAt nec n addeopoolrfuE
feouga ee Lhfstoecips ue ahrted ntur an,pis02 9e 1hgtnir uadni hoeCtcnatsis sraetsasid
ht itwnemevlov nginiunitn odc aohs lsaeiranoiss i. mS. .)Ub59 9,1taocse Ws(noitaN
. s neOinol oncaepor u nEsimargo rhptla echilb udp nraet alwlams e h,tela crsegr aal
roi r,ps04 9e1 h ntnioitingoc elranoitanret neiviec e orntag eybtiroht uyAell aeVessenneT
ytiroht uaA ylO adG naaid n nIyitiroht uyAell arVadom aeD h nt,i.g. en(oitazinoloc eodt
h ts ahcu s,seicneg areta wlarede f,ylralim i .S)nolye Cni li o,Syevr ulSacigolo e.GS .eU
noitamalc efuRoaer u.BS .d Un,asreenig nfsEopr oyCm r.AS .,Uecivr enSoitavresnoC
0y2lr aee h ntsinoit arneh t notinemevlov neim odsah ht yldip adretalac sheci h,wyrutn ec
d rl.rarIeWoIt Wfa

.N .tUsr ief hhtt igwninnigeB ) 8s 4e t9c ea1r ek(ulcaoa nLsrneeuorRteafNnoc
etrneewmpol en vire seddavebitra rsg eeohttcnaio r. ,p S,kpw.sraeUsoNeYccuS
hguo h,tecnatsis s.aS .hUt i,wdaor bdaetalu myelgnisaercni not tne d. ie s mteoarhP
ngier odfehsilbat smeargo rrpu otFni osP’namurT gno l,ata hsteirtnu ogcnipolev er dodfia
trop xee hdtetalac s,ekn adBlr odW nsanoit adNeti neU h nteicneulf n.iS .eUvisavr ehptiw
.s ehcaor pypcai ldeonspaitre prxe et. aSfw.oU

ret anwgier ofgfoninia rd tnsatis idvedulc nsiesseco rtprop xeese hfetonO
stsilaiceps in drneav nsneriDetrauqd aneohitamal cufeaoRe r euythBlatba t,o.n Se.hUt
d nnarlet steaw ha t,Usa-x e,Todarol o,Cainrofil a,Canozi r nAyilbat o,nseitisrevi ntunarg
acu d,ehcraes edreilp pra osfrall o fdsonoill idmeviec ehrci h,werehwes ldena d,nnaoit
,rahc odB nsaev It(nemegan asmmets ynsoitagir r fidole ief h nt,i.g .,estcartn ogcniniart
.)2 9,9d1aa hd,cnhSat i,mtSaoc s;e9 W8, ,9.tn1leaame e;r2F002 4 t tIr saatiheowlnc

3 Interestingly, other branches of American law cite increasing foreign influence (Clark, 1994).
4 Harvard and Cornell were also extensively involved, e.g., in Pakistan and Sri Lank a, and their programs
and Harvard at methods analytic through (e.g., policy water western on influences direct less had have may
irrigation systems and bureaucratic research at Cornell)(e.g., Uphoff, 1992). For example, the Ford
7
se weh tn isregana mreta wn oda heva hya msrotisi vngiero fecneulfni tern U.S. or what
. Ske o.chttUathbgu osrtbsilaic erpe stnarwet ssenwos sneglierof 5 ta hrwa e ltsr ciioN
ret alwabo ldg nlaanoitanret nginigre mmeo rwfa rtdhg ismregan armet anwretsew
d n,aC W,WAR W,IP WeG h ntdievlov nei rsaraloh c.sS .e Um. osSmurof so on, but U.S.
gnisaerc nmio refrutrap ekadr admlu oswi h,tdeunit n .o focsIss eslregan adm nsaeicnega
0e2 h nttinemegan armet alwanoitanret n ninioitapicitr a.pS.U ht dlu ohwci h,wyrutn ec
str arpeh t noeicneirep xmeo rgfninra erl osftcepso rep httimil fo e.hdtlrow

y e c , r ri,edufel elntoto t roauaPyueuRFWtoht ibtagraNnailsCa e.rDceD
egnahcxE

ylr aee h ntsinoss etlnemegan armet adwetrop mtia hntoig emaro rdfetfi hgsnivaH
20 ht s n noe eistdh0sae t2eltyl rr oout etptanxnhoeetc ht ,esyhertwu tnec tern U.S. now
ret atwuo beagdelwo nwk e fneocnadnu b nahaci h nw,inoitaut iws e nanfiles tsidnif
oytticap ad cntaseret ne iht tudblr oe w hfstotr atpnereff imdo rgfnigre msteinemeganam
ftoh g. irnlaIelc nsuniam e.rS .nUrets ee w hnetigdelwo ntka hetsu gnignah csih t
,ecnavel ee rhttuo bmasicitpe ksesire htta hetsirpr uesltt isslaem ot,cinoitautis
ro fecneirepx ereta wlanoitanretn if oytilibarefsnar tdn a,ytilibisneherpmo c,ytilibitapmoc
. S n.rUet s eesnhwmitelb orrep tyarwaropmet ngoncisserdda

hW os lta umbsaisuht ndeaerpsed idw a eh,wecnerefn osci hrt ogfnirape repli
ediw - ta htwuo bsawe igvnignar dluoc .sem idt nsaeca ltpnats imdo rdfenra eelb 6
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the 1970s, their papers, and USAID archives are available.
6 Lowenthal (1985) argues that early historical periods are analogous to distant places.
8