Veterinary embryology

391 Pages·2006·104.752 MB·English

by  Thomas A. McGeady

VETERINARY EMBRYOLOGY

VETERINARY EMBRYOLOGY
T. A. McGeady, MVB, MS, MSc, MRCVS
Former Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology,
Department of Veterinary Anatomy,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University College Dublin
P. J. Quinn, MVB, PhD, MRCVS
Professor Emeritus,
Former Professor of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University College Dublin
E. S. FitzPatrick,FIBMS
Department of Veterinary Anatomy,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University College Dublin
M. T. Ryan,MSc, PhD
Molecular Biology Laboratory,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University College Dublin
Illustrations by
S. Cahalan, MVB
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University College Dublin
© 2006 TA McGeady, PJ Quinn, ES FitzPatrick, MT Ryan and S Cahalan
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First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN-10: 1-4051-1147-X
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1147-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Veterinary embryology / T.A. McGeady...[et al.].; illustrations by S. Cahalan.— 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1147-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4051-1147-X (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Veterinary embryology. I. McGeady, T. A. (Thomas A.)
SF767.5.V48 2006
636.089′264—dc22
2005022781
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
www.blackwellpublishing.com
Contents
Preface ix Morphogens 49
Acknowledgements xi Differentiation 49
Gene structure and organisation 49
1 Division, growth and differentiation of cells 1 X-chromosome inactivation 49
The cell cycle 1 DNA methylation and parental
Mitosis 1 imprinting in mammals 49
Meiosis 5 Promoters, enhancers and silencers 50
Transcription factors 50
2 Gametogenesis 10 Gene systems essential for development 50
Spermatogenesis 10 Experimental measurement of gene
Oogenesis 13 expression 53
Experimental evaluation of gene function 53
3 Fertilisation 17 Concluding comments 53
Capacitation 18
Cellular events in the process of fertilisation 18 7 Establishment of the basic body plan 54
Barriers to polyspermy 18
Ovum activation 19 8 Coelomic cavities 59
In vitrofertilisation 21 Pleural and pericardial cavities 59
Comparative fertilisation rates 21 Diaphragm 61
Sex determination 22 Peritoneal cavity 64
Parthenogenesis 22 Omenta 65
Sex ratio 23
Chromosomes of domestic animals 23 9 Foetal membranes 66
Development of the foetal membranes 68
4 Cleavage 25 Birds 68
Cleavage in primitive chordates, Mammals 70
amphibians, avian species and mammals 25
Stem cells 30 10 Forms of implantation and placentation 78
Implantation 78
5 Gastrulation 34 Placentation in mammals 81
Primitive chordates 34 Functional aspects of the placenta 101
Amphibians 34
Avian species 34 11 Cardiovascular system 105
Mammals 36 Development of the cardiac tubes 106
Establishment of left–right symmetry Molecular aspects of cardiac development 112
in vertebrates 38 Formation of the cardiac chambers 112
Twinning 38 Conducting system of the heart 117
Developmental anomalies of the
6 Aspects of cell signalling and gene cardiovascular system 130
functioning during development 42
Cellular messengers and receptors 42 12 Embryological and post-natal features of
Types of signalling 43 haematopoiesis 136
Induction and competence 44 Embryological aspects of haematopoiesis 136
Paracrine signalling during development 44 Cell differentiation and maturation during
Apoptosis 48 haematopoiesis 139
vi CONTENTS
Stem cells in human adults and mature 17 Urinary system 233
animals 146 Kidney 233
Immunodeficiency 147 Molecular basis of metanephros development 235
Inherited defects in natural immunity 151 Unilobar kidneys 238
Multilobar kidneys 240
13 Nervous system 153 Bladder 240
Dorsal–ventral patterning of the neural tube 153 Developmental anomalies of the urinary
Neural crest 154 system 240
Differentiation of the cellular components
of the neural tube 155 18 Male and female reproductive systems 244
Spinal nerves 157 Primordial germ cells 244
Myelination of peripheral nerve fibres 161 Undifferentiated stage of gonad formation 245
Changes in the relative positions of the Differentiation and maturation of the testes 245
spinal cord and the developing Differentiation and maturation of the ovaries 245
vertebral column 161 Features of equine gonadal development 248
Anomalies of the spinal cord 161 Genital ducts 249
Differentiation of the brain sub-divisions 163 Formation of the genital fold 251
Ventricular system of the brain and External genitalia 252
cerebrospinal fluid circulation 174 Factors which influence sexual
Molecular aspects of brain development 175 differentiation in mammals 253
Brain anomalies 176 Sex determination 254
Brain stem and spinal cord 177 Molecular aspects of gonadogenesis 254
Cranial nerves 178 Influence of hormones on development
Peripheral nervous system 178 of genital ducts and external genitalia 255
Autonomic nervous system 178 Sexual differentiation, associated brain
Enteric nervous system 181 function and subsequent sexual
Meninges 182 behaviour at puberty 257
Anomalies of sexual development 257
14 Muscular and skeletal systems 184 Descent of the testes 259
Differentiation of somites 184 Ovarian migration 262
Muscular system 184 Cryptorchidism 262
Skeletal muscle 184 Development of the mammary gland 263
Cytodifferentiation of muscle 186 Comparative features of mammary gland
Skeletal system 187 development in domestic animals 265
Skeletal anomalies 203
19 Structures in the head and neck 268
15 Digestive system 205 Pharyngeal region 268
Molecular regulation of alimentary tract Derivatives of the pharyngeal apparatus 269
development 207 Face 270
Oesophagus 209 Nasal cavities 272
Stomach 209 Oral cavity 277
Liver 213 Tongue 277
Pancreas 213 Salivary glands 278
Spleen 216 Teeth 279
Development and rotation of the intestines Comparative aspects of dentition 281
in domestic animals 217 Molecular aspects of tooth development 282
Comparative features of the intestines 217 Development of the skull 282
Hindgut 220 Congenital malformations of face and
Developmental anomalies of the oral cavity 283
alimentary tract 221
20 Endocrine system 286
16 Respiratory system 225 Pituitary gland 286
Formation of the larynx 225 Pineal gland 289
Trachea, bronchi and lungs 225 Adrenal glands 289
Molecular aspects of respiratory development 231 Thyroid gland 291
Anomalies of the respiratory system 231 Parathyroid glands 291
CONTENTS vii
Thymus 293 23 Age determination of the embryo and foetus 331
Pancreatic islets 293
24 Genetic, chromosomal and environmental
21 Eye and ear 295 factors which adversely affect pre-natal
Eye 295 development 337
Ear 304 Mutations 337
Chromosomal abnormalities 338
22 Integumentary system 313 Teratogens 339
Epidermis 313 Therapeutic drugs and chemicals 339
Dermis 314 Cytotoxic drugs used for treating
Hypodermis 315 neoplastic diseases 348
Hair 315 Poisonous plants 348
Mammalian skin glands 318 Infectious agents 349
Avian skin 320 Assessing the aetiology of congenital disease 353
Congenital and inherited defects of the skin 322
Hooves and claws 322 Glossary 355
Horns and related structures 328 Index 364