Table Of ContentTISSUE CULTURE AS A PLANT PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR
HORTICUL TURAL CROPS
CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Scientific Editor: F.A. Bliss, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
Scientific Advisory Board:
P.S. Baenziger, Monsanto, St. Louis, Miss.
K. Barton, Agracetus Corp., Middleton, Wisc.
F. Cannon, Biotechnica Int., Cambridge, Mass.
A. Galston, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
J. Lyman Snow, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
N.C. Nielsen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.
J. Sprent, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
Evans, H.J., Bottemley, P.J. and Newton, W.E. (eds): Nitrogen fixation research
progress. 1985.
Zimmerman, R.H., Griesbach, R.J., Hammerschlag, F.A. and Lawson, R.H.
(eds): Tissue culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops. 1986.
Tissue culture as a plant
production system for
horticultural crops
Conference on Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Horticultural
Crops, Beltsville, MD, October 20-23, 1985
edited by
RICHARD H. ZIMMERMAN
ROBERT J. GRIESBACH
FREDDI A. HAMMERSCHLAG
ROGER H. LAWSON
US Department of Agriculture, ARS
Beltsville, MD, USA
1986 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS •
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8477-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-4444-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-4444-2
Copyright
© 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprociuced, stored in a
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v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ix
Introductory Lectures
Principles of Plant Tissue Culture
R. A. de Fossard • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
The Application of Tissue Culture to Plant Improvement and Propagation
in the Ornamental Horticulture Industry
Irwin Y. E. Chu ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15
New Technology
New Technologies in Plant Tissue Culture
W. Jan Rowe ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35
Plug Systems for Micropropagules
D. D. McCown •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53
Totipotent Suspensions as a Means of Multiplication
A. D. Krikorian, R. P. Kann, Stefania A. O'Connor and Mindy S. Fitter 61
Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability
Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability of Tissue Cultured Plants
D. A. Evans and J. E. Bravo ....................................... 73
Summary of Panel Discussion on Phenotypic and Genotypic Stability of
Tissue Cultured Plants
D. A. Evans, I. Y. E. Chu, R. D. Hartman and H. J. Swartz 95
Pathogen Detection and Elimination
Pathogen Detection and Elimination
Roger H. Lawson ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 97
Production of Culture Virus-Indexed Geraniums
Wendy Oglevee-O'Donovan ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119
Diagnosis of Plant Viruses Using Double-Stranded RNA
Ramon L. Jordan •••••••••• " • • •• ••• •• ••• •• •••• •• •• •• ••••• • •• ••• •••• 125
Pathogen Indexing in Large-Scale Propagation of Florist Crops
Boligala C. Raju and Jane C. Trolinger •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 135
Certification of Horticultural Crops - A State Perspective
L. M. Goff ........................................................ 139
vi
Plant Quarantine
Plant Quarantine and International Shipment of Tissue Culture Plants
Robert P. Kahn •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 147
Summary of Panel Discussion on Plant Quarantines and International
Shipment of Tissue Cultured Plants
R. P. Kahn, J. van Asrtrijk, L. K. C. Clay, R. A. de Fossard and
G. Hennen • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 165
Economics
Determining and Minimizing Production Costs
Alvan Donnan, Jr. ................................................. 167
Determining Markets and 11arket Potential
Jeanne B. Jones •••• ••••••••••••.•••••••••••.••••••••••• .••••••••.• 175
Fruit, Nut, and Vegetable Crops
Propagation of Fruit, Nut and Vegetable Crops - Overview
R. H. Zimmerman •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• , 183
Small Fruit and Grape Tissue Culture from 1980 to 1985:
Commercialization of the Technique
Harry Jan Swartz and Jon T. Lindstrom •••••••.••••••••••..••••••••• 201
Temperate Fruits and Nuts
F. A. Hammerschlag • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 221
Tropical and Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables
Richard E. Litz, Robert L. Jarret and Madhevan P. Asokan 237
Commercial In Vitro Propagation and Plantation Crops
Raymond P~Oglesby and John L. Griffis, Jr •.••.•••••••••••••••.•.• 253
Use of Tissue Culture for Micropropagation of Vegetable Crops
Timothy J. Ng . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . • . • • • 259
Workshop
Tissue Culture Techniques and Plant Introduction/Quarantine Procedures
Bruce J. Parliman • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . 271
Ornamental Crops
Tissue Culture Propagation of Ornamental Crops: An Overview
Paul E. Read and Mary A. Hosier .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 283
Tissue Culture as a Plant Production System for Foliage Plants
R. D. Hartman and F. W. Zettler ................................... 293
vii
Commercial Micropropagation of Florist Flower Crops
Dennis P. St imart • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 301
In vitro Propagation of Flower-Bulb Crops
--J. van Aartrijk and P. C. G. van der Linde 317
Woody Ornamentals, Shade Trees and Conifers
B. H. McCown ••.•••••.••.••••••••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 333
Orchid Tissue Culture
R. J. Griesbach 343
Laboratory Design and Large Scale Production
Laboratory Design
O. C. Broome •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 351
Summary of Panel Discussion on Laboratory Design
O. C. Broome, B. Briggs, R. Evans and G. Hennen 365
Large Scale Tissue Culture Production for Horticultural Crops
Randall A. Strode and Gerri Abner ••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 367
ix
PREFACE
In 1980, a conference on tissue culture of fruit crops was held at
Beltsville to summarize the current status of this technology and to
stimulate interest in it among research scientists, students, and
commercial producers in the U. S. Interest in that conference and the
proceedings from it far exceeded the expectations of the organizing
committee. Since that time, micropropagation of fruit crops in the U. S.
has increased significantly, but still lags far behind applications to
production of ornamental plants. Within the past two years, a number of
new laboratories have been established and some of the existing
laboratories have expanded to a size far larger than any previously
anticipated. Creation of new laboratories capable of producing more than
400,000 plants per week will test the ingenuity of laboratory managers and
the skills of marketing departments.
In recent years, numerous symposia have been held on various aspects of
biotechnology and genetic engineering. Although micro propagation is the
key to providing large numbers of genetically engineered plants, it is a
topic that has been relegated to a minor position, or ignored completely,
at such meetings. Accordingly, the time seemed propitious for a
conference devoted solely to all aspects of micropropagation as applicable
to horticultural crops.
In planning the conference, we decided that it was essential to have
both research scientists and commercial practioners of micropropagation
actively involved in the program. It has been clear that research results
published in the scientific literature are often of limited value to those
wishing to apply the results on a commercial scale. Many factors of
critical importance to large scale production are of limited interest in
research. We have attempted to bring out the different needs of these two
groups of tissue culturists through the selection of topics and speakers
at the conference.
x
A panel discussion on Large Scale Production concluded the presentations
at the meeting, but unfortunately the taping of this section was defective
so that it was not possible to prepare a summary. We would like to thank
the following members of this panel for their participation, which the
registrants at the meeting found most stimulating: Dr. D. I. Dunstan,
Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada,
Saskatoon, Sask.; S. E. Hyndman, Weyerhaeuser Tissue Culture Center,
Apopka, FL, U.S.A.; and A. Martinelli, Zanzivivai, Ferrara, Italy.
We would like to thank Dr. W. Klassen, the Director of the Beltsville
Area of the Agricultural Research Service, for his support and
encouragement. Mr. Gordon Carpenter of the Visitors Center at Beltsville
provided invaluable information and assistance. The other members of the
Organizing Committee, Olivia C. Broome and Ingrid Fordham, worked
diligently on many tasks to insure the success of the conference.
Finally, appreciation is expressed to the numerous other staff members at
Beltsville who carried out many necessary tasks before and during the
meeting.
Richard H. Zimmerman
Robert J. Griesbach
Freddi A. Hammerschlag
Roger H. Lawson
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
R.A. DE FOSSARD
Tamborine Mountain Plants, Eagle Heights, Queensland 4621, Australia
1. INTRODUCTION
Plant tissue culture is used to achieve many different objectives which
have in common the growth of microbe-free plant material in an aseptic
environment. The objective of this conference is the use of plant tissue
culture as a plant production system for horticultural crops, and my role
is to discuss the principles of plant tissue culture with respect to this
objective. I have interpreted this to mean, to describe which plant tissue
culture techniques we use and why we use them, that is, what are our
reasons for proceeding in the way we do. Willy-nilly, some of the reasons
are scientific and others are economic and marketplace-wise. I will not be
dwelling on the latter even though it is of considerable and underlying
importance. By marketplace-wise, I mean, we should have sound, realistic
marketplace reasons for contemplating the use of tissue culture for a
particular species. We should ask questions, such as: How is the species
normally propagated in Nature and by Man? What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using these methods? What are the likely advantages and
disadvantages of using, instead, tissue culture methods for its
propagation? Are the advantages, more rapid multiplication? All-the-year-
round propagation? A bushy habit? Elimination of viruses? How much will
the research and development cost to achieve these advantages and are these
costs likely to be justified by attaining the perceived advantages? Part
of our research is to achieve stated objectives, and another part could be
classified as production-line research aimed at cost-cutting and maximizing
performance.
2. THE MAIN INTERACTING FACTORS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Ifhatever the objective of the tissue culturist, there will be some common
considerations, as depicted in Figure 1; it might also be necessary to
overcome severe microbial contamination problems.
Zimmerman, R. 1I. e! al. (eds), Tissue Culture as ({ Plan! Produc!ion System for Horticultural Crops
© 1986. Mar!inus NUllo/]' Publishers, Dordrecht.
