Table Of ContentTicks
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Ticks
Biology, Ecology, and Diseases
Nicholas Johnson
Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom
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This book is dedicated to my sons, Jack and Harry.
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Contents
Preface................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER 1 A brief introduction to ticks.....................................1
Why study ticks? (Andwritea book about them)....................1
Anote onnamingof ticks...................................................3
The structure ofthe book....................................................4
Conclusions......................................................................5
References........................................................................6
CHAPTER 2 Tick classification and diversity..............................9
Introduction......................................................................9
Tick taxonomy.................................................................10
The families....................................................................11
The Ixodidae:the hard ticks...............................................12
The Argasidae: the soft ticks..............................................13
The Nuttalliellidae: Nuttalliella namaqua the odd oneout!......13
Tick morphology..............................................................14
Identification ofticks using morphology...............................17
Identification ofticks using genetic sequence........................18
Identification ofticks using proteomics................................20
Conclusions.....................................................................20
References.......................................................................21
CHAPTER 3 The tick life cycle..................................................25
Introduction.....................................................................25
Hard ticks........................................................................27
Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus,1758)da questingtick...............27
Ixodes uriae (White,1852)da nest dweller.......................29
Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)davector
on the rise...................................................................31
Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius,1794)dan
ornamented tick............................................................31
Hyalomma marginatum (Koch, 1844)dahunting tick.........33
Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrina, 1888)daone
host tick......................................................................34
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)da tick
adapted toman’s best friend...........................................35
vii
viii Contents
Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann,1901)dthe invader..36
Soft ticks.........................................................................37
Ornithodorosmoubata(Murray, 1877)dinto the burrows....37
Argas vespertilionis (Latreille, 1802)dlife onthewing.......38
Conclusions.....................................................................39
References.......................................................................40
CHAPTER 4 Blood feeding as a life choice and the multiple
functions of tick saliva...........................................45
Introduction.....................................................................45
Finding ahost..................................................................46
Attachment......................................................................48
Engorgement....................................................................49
Detachment.....................................................................49
Problemsassociated with blood feeding................................50
Thermoregulation.............................................................50
Water balance..................................................................51
Interruptedfeeding............................................................51
Hyperparasitism...............................................................51
The exception tothe blood-feeding rule................................52
Tick saliva.......................................................................52
Structure ofthe tick salivary gland......................................53
The functions oftick salivary glands andsaliva.....................54
The effect on skin at the bite site.........................................56
The roleof ticksaliva inpathogen transmission.....................57
Antitick vaccination usingcomponents oftick saliva..............58
Conclusions.....................................................................59
References.......................................................................59
CHAPTER 5 An introduction to tick-borne disease.....................65
Africa.............................................................................67
Asia...............................................................................68
Australia and New Zealand................................................68
Europe............................................................................69
North America.................................................................70
South and Central America.................................................71
Summary.........................................................................71
References.......................................................................72
CHAPTER 6 Tick-borne diseases of humans..............................75
Introduction.....................................................................75
Tick-borne disease caused by viruses...................................77
Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever..........................................77
Contents ix
Coloradotick fever.......................................................78
Crimeanecongo hemorrhagic fever..................................78
Eyach virus.................................................................80
KyasanurForestdisease.................................................80
Omsk hemorrhagic fever................................................81
Powassan encephalitis anddeer tick virus.........................84
Tick-borneencephalitis..................................................85
Tick-bornediseases caused by bacteria.................................87
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis...................................87
Lyme borreliosis...........................................................87
Ehrlichiosis..................................................................89
Rickettsiosis................................................................90
Tularemia....................................................................90
CoxiellaburnetiidQfever.............................................92
Tick-bornediseases caused by protozoa................................93
Babesiosis...................................................................93
Nonpathogen-associated disease..........................................95
Conclusions.....................................................................96
References.......................................................................97
CHAPTER 7 Tick-borne diseases of animals............................107
Introduction...................................................................107
Tick-bornediseasesdviruses............................................109
African swine fever.....................................................109
Ovine encephalitis (louping ill).....................................110
Nairobisheep disease..................................................112
Thogotovirus.............................................................112
Tick-bornediseasesdprotozoa..........................................113
Babesiosis.................................................................113
Theileriosis................................................................115
Bovinetheileriosis......................................................117
Tick-bornediseasesdbacteria...........................................118
Tick-bornefever(anaplasmosis inanimals).....................118
Heartwater/cowdriosis.................................................119
Canine ehrlichiosis......................................................121
Hepatozoonosis..........................................................121
Conclusions...................................................................122
References.....................................................................123
