ΘΕΑ ΡΩΜΗ (Thea Rome): the Worship of the Goddess Roma in the Greek World

186 Pages·1975·3.028 MB·English

by  Ronald Mellor

HYPOMNEMATA HEFT 42
HYPOMNEMATA
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR ANTI KE
UNO ZU IHREM NACHLEBEN
Herausgegeben von
Albrecht Dible / Hartmut Erbse
Christian Habicht / Gunther Patzig / Bruno Snell
HEFT 42
VANDENHOECK & RUPRECHT IN GOTTINGEN
RONALD MELLOR
8EA PQMH
The Worship of the
Goddess Roma in the Greek World
VANDENHOECK & RUPRECHT IN GOTTINGEN
FOR ANNE
CIP-Kurztitelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek
Mellor, Ronald
The worship of the goddess Roma In the greek world:
the Rome.
(Hypomnemata; H. 42)
ISBN 3-525-25138-6
© Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht in Gottingen 1975. - PrinLed in
Germany. Ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Verlages ist es nicht
gestattet, das Buch oder Teile daraus auf foto- oder akusto
mechanischem Wege zu vervielfiiltigen.
Gesamtherstellung: Hubert & Co., Gottingen
Table of Contents
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PART I
1. The Origins of the Goddess Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. The Evidence for 0eoc' Pwµ."fJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I. Rhodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
II. Lycia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
III. Cibyra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
IV. Caria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
V. Ionia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
VI. Aegean Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
VIL Lydia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
VIII. Phrygia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
IX. Aeolis, Mysia and the Troad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
X. Commune Asiae (Kowov 'Acr(ixi;). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
XL Bithynia and Pontus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
XII. Pamphylia, Pisidia and Cilicia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
XIII. Galatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
XIV. Cappadocia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
XV. Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
XVI. The East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
XVII. Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
XVIII. Macedon and Thrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
XIX. The West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
PART II
3. The Greek View of Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
I. Epithets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
II. Poems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
III. Joint Cults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7
4. Honors Paid to Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
I. Temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
II. Statues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
III. Altars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
IV. Sacrifices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
V. Dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
VI. Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
VII. Coins and Gems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5. Romaia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
I. Athletic Contests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
II. Musical and Dramtic Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
III. Gladiators and Beasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
IV. Joint Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6. Officials of Roma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Municipal Priests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Other Municipal Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Provincial Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7. Roma Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Additional note: The Dedicatory Inscriptions on the Capitoline
Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Appendix: Inscriptional Evidence for Roma in the Greek World 207
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8
PREFACE

Several years ago, while I was preparing a book on Dea Roma and
the imperial cult in the western provinces, several colleagues suggested
an introductory chapter on the origins of Roma in the Greek world.
This "Introduction" grew-the process is not unknown to scholars
and I must finally present it as a monograph in its own right. I have
tried to bring together the widely scattered evidence for the worship
of Roma in the East and to provide some historical context for the
cults and honors paid to Roma. I am greatly endebted to numerous
colleagues for references and assistance of various kinds. I am
especially appreciative of those who read all or part of this manuscript
and provided me with their written comments and corrections:
E. BADIAN; T. R. s. BROUGHTON; G. P. BURTON; G. w. CLARKE;
ALBRECHT DIHLE; ERICH GRUEN; CHRISTIAN HABICHT; JOYCE
REYNOLDS; and my colleagues at Stanford, A. E. RAUBITSCHEK;
MICHAEL WmoDSKY; and the late T. B. L. WEBSTER. RUDOLPH

ARBESMANNa nd FRANK C. BouRNE were most helpful in my earlier
work on the imperial cult and Roma in the West. Several scholars
kindly gave me permission to quote or mention unpublished inscrip
tions or readings: GUNTERD uNsT; N. M. KoNTOLEON;J OYCE REY
NOLDS;a nd Lours ROBERT. T. B. L. WEBSTERp rovided me with his
own unpublished material on personification in Greek art and litera
ture. These scholars are, of course, not responsible for the use I have
made of their advice and criticism. The manuscript was completed
late in 1973, and I have been able to make only limited use of material
that reached me since that time.
Most of the book was written in London. I spent much of 1970 and
the academic year 1972-73 as a member of the Institute of Classical
Studies-a comfortable and congenial place to work. I am immensely
grateful to its Director and the successive Librarians for the oppor
tunity to use its fine library and participate in the stimulating activities
of the Institute. During those years in London I was also an honorary
member of the staff of University College London. I sincerely appre
ciated the kindness of Professors ERIC HANDLEYa nd OTTO SKUTSCH
and the hospitality of their colleagues.
Professor CHRISTIANH ABICHT,a s an Editor of the Hypomnemata
series, devoted much time to my manuscript. He also kindly sent me
his paper on the Imperial cult in the Augustan age delivered at the
5
Fondation Hardt. Though my manuscript had been completed, I have
taken some account of it in my revisions. I am grateful to Professor
HABICHTa nd to the staff of Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht for the time
and care they have lavished on this book.
My colleagues at Stanford have supported my work over the years
and I should here thank the successive chairmen of the Department
of Classics: BROOKS0 Trs; T. B. L. WEBSTER; MARK EDWARDS;a nd
A. E. RAUBITSCHEKT. he publication of this book has been assisted
by grants from the Tresidder Fund of the Classics department and
from LINCOLNM OSES, Dean of Graduate Studies. Time for uninter
rupted research was provided by grants from Dean MosES and by a
fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities.
But in these times, professional advice and financial support might
not prove adequate to sustain the weary and timid young scholar.
That this book was completed is due above all to my wife, Professor
Anne Kostelanetz Mellor, who willingly undertook the varied roles
of typist and cheerleader to bring the manuscript to completion. And
so to Anne, for her warm emotional and moral support and, most of
all, for herself, I lovingly dedicate this book.
RONALDM ELLOR
San Francisco, April, 1975

6
Abbreviations

In epigraphical and papyrological collections, the Roman numeral following
the title refers to the volume; the Arabic numerals refer to the number of the
specific text. In other works, the Arabic numerals refer to pages or columns,
while the sign # precedes the number of a text or coin. The sign # is also used
to designate section numbers in J. & L. RoBERT's Bulletin epigraphi,que. For
periodicals, I follow L'Annee Philologique.
A. Epigraphical and Papyrological Corpora
BGU = Aegyptische Urkunden aus den Btaatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Griechi-
sche Urkunden
OIG = Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum
OIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Didyma = Didyma vol. II Die Inschriften ed. REHlli (Berlin, 1958)
EHRENBERG-JONES = Documents illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius
ed. V. EHRENBERG and A. H. M. JONES (2nd ed., Oxford, 1955)
Ephesos = Forschungen in Ephesos (Vienna, 1906ff.)
JAG = Iscrizioni agonistiche greche ed. MORETTI (Rome, 1953)
IBM = Ancient Greek Inscriptions of the British Museum
ID = Inscriptions de Delos (Paris, 1926ff.)
/Delphes = Fouilles de Delphes III Epigraphie (Paris, 1909ff.)
JG = Inscriptiones Graecae
/GR = Jnscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes ed. CAGNAT (Paris,
1911-1927)
IGUR = Jnscriptiones Graecae Urbis Romae I ed. MORETTI (Rome, 1968).
ILLR = Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae ed. DEGRASS! (Florence,
1957-1963)
IMagn. = Die Jnschriften von Magnesia am Maander ed. KERN (Berlin, 1900)
IPriene = Jnschriften von Priene ed. HILLER v. GAERTRINGEN( Berlin, 1906)
Lindos = Lindos Fouilles rle l'Acropole II Inscriptions ed. BLINKENBERG( Copen-
hagen, 1941)
LBAM = Lois Bacrees rle l'Asie Mineure ed. SOKOLOWSKI( Paris, 1955)
MAMA = Monumenta Asiae Minoris Anti,qua ed. CALDER et al. (London, 1928-
1962)
Milet = Milet. Ergebnisse rler Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen seit dem Jahre
1899 (Berlin, 1906ff.)
NB = Nuova silloge epigrafica di Rodi e Cos ed. MAIURI (Florence, 1925)
OGJB = Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Belectae ed. DITTENBERGER
Olympia = Olympia V Die Jnschriften ed. DITTENBERGER-PURGOLD(B erlin, 1896)
Pergamum = Altertumer von Pergamon VIII Die Jnschriften von Pergamon I-II
ed. FRAENKEL (Berlin, 1890-1895) III ed. HABICHT (Berlin, 1969)
RDGE = Roman Documents from the Greek East ed. SHERK (Baltimore, 1969)
Bardis = Bardis VII 1 The Greek and Latin Inscriptions ed. BucKLER and ROBIN-
SON (Leyden, 1932)
BEG = Bupplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
9
SG DI = Sammlung der griechischen Dialect-Inschriften ed. CoLLITz et al. (Gottin
gen, 1884-1915)
Syll. = Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum ed. DITTENBERGER (3rd edition)
TAM = Tituli Asiae Minoris
B. Numismatic Corpora
BABELON Coll. Wad. = E. BABELON Inventaire sommaire de l,a, Collection Wad-
dington (Paris, 1897-1898)

BMC = A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum
BMCRE = British Museum Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire
EcKHEL = J. EcKHEL Doctrina Nummorum Veterum (Vienna, 1792-1826)
GAEBLER = H. GAEBLER Die antiken Munzen von Macedonia und Pannonia
(vol. III of Die antiken Munzen Nord-Griechenlands) (Berlin, 1906-1935)
IMHOOF-BLUMERK M = F. !MHOOF-BLUMERK leinasiatische Munzen (Vienna,
1901-1902)
MACDONALD = G. MACDONALDG reek Coins in the Hunterian Collection (Glas
gow, 1899-1905)
McCLEAN = S. GROSE Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins in the
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (Cambridge, 1923-1929)
SNG-DEN = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum-Denmark
SNG-GER = Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum-Germany (v. Aulock collection)
WADDINGTONR ecueil General = WADDINGTON, BABELON& REINACH Recueil
General des Monnaies Grecques de l'Asie Mineure (Paris, 1904-1912; 2nd ed.
vol. I-1925)
C. Books and Articles
n
AccAME = S. AccAME dominio romano in Grecia della guerra aca'i,caa d Augusto
(Rome, 1946)
ALFOLDI = A. ALFOLDI Die trofanischen Urahnen der Romer (Basel, 1956)
BADIAN Flamininus = E. BADIAN T. Quinctius Flamininus: Philhellenism or
Realpolitik (Cincinnati, 1970)
BADIAN FC = E. BADIAN Foreign Clientelae (Oxford, 1958)
BADIAN Imperialism = E. BADIAN Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic
(2nd ed., Oxford, 1968)
BADIAN Studies = E. BADIANS tudies in Greek and Roman History (Oxford, 1964)
BOWERSOCK= G. BOWERSOCKA ugustus and the Greek World (Oxford, 1965)
BRISCOEL ivy = J. BRISCOEA Commentary on Livy Books XXXI-XXXIII (Oxford,
1973)
BRUNEAU = P. BRUNEAU Recherches sur les cultes de Delos a l'epoque hellenisti
que et a l'epoque imperiale (Paris, 1970)
CAH = Cambridge Ancient History
CERFAUX-TONDRIAU= L. CERFAUX; J. TONDRIAUL es Cultes des Souverains dans
la Civilisation Greco-Romaine (Tournai, 1957)
CHRIST = F. CHRIST Die romische Weltherrschaft in der antiken Dichtung (Tiibin
gen, 1938)
CooK Zeus= A. B. CooK Zeus (Cambridge, 1914-1940)
CRAMPAL abraunda = J. CRAMPAL abraunda: Swedish Excavations and Resear
ches III part 1 (Lund, 1969)
DEININGER Politischer Widerstana = J. DEININGER Der Politische Widerstand
gegen Rom in Griechenland 217-86 v.Chr. (Berlin, 1971)
DEININGER Provinziallandtage = J. DEININGER Die Provinziallandtage in der
romischen Kaiserzeit (Munich, 1965)
10