The United States and Latin America A History of American Diplomacy, 1776-2000 (International Relations and History)

217 Pages·2005·1.39 MB·English

by  Joseph Smith

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THE UNITED STATES AND
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LATIN AMERICA
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3111 Providing a concise, balanced and incisive analysis of US diplomatic rela-
4 tions with Latin America from 1776 to the end of the twentieth century,
5 this timely work explores central themes such as the structure of diplomatic
6 relations in the western hemisphere, and the pursuit of American national
7 interest by the use of diplomacy, cultural imperialism and economic and
8 military power.
9 Joseph Smith examines the rise of the US as an independent power and
20111 its policy towards Latin American movements for independence. In addi-
1 tion, issues such as the evolution of the Monroe Doctrine, Pan-Americanism,
2 dollar diplomacy and the challenge of communism are explored. High-
3 lighting Latin American responses to US policy over a significant time span,
4 this study documents the development of a complex historical relationship
5 in which the United States has claimed a pre-eminent role, arousing as
6 much resentment as acquiescence from its southern neighbours.
7 Including a discussion of the current issues of debt, trade and narcotics
8 control, this unique and valuable study will be of significance to all those
9 with an interest in US and Latin American international relations.
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1 Joseph Smith is Reader in American Diplomatic History at the University
2 of Exeter and has previously taught at the College of William and Mary
3 and the University of Colorado at Denver. He is the author of A History
4 of Brazil, 1500–2000 (2002).
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5 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND HISTORY
6 Series Editor Jeremy Black
7 Professor of History, University of Exeter
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3111 THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL
4 POLITICAL ECONOMY
5 William Thompson
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7 DEMOCRACY AND PEACE MAKING
8 Philip Towle
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20111 THE UNITED STATES AND
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2 Joseph Smith
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AND LATIN AMERICA
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1011 A history of American diplomacy,
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1776–2000
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8 Joseph Smith
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First published 2005
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by Routledge
3111 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
4 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
5 by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
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7 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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20111 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
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2 © 2005 Joseph Smith
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
4 reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechan-
5 ical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
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retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
9 Library
30111 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
1 A catalogue record for this title has been requested
2 ISBN 0-203-00453-1 Master e-book ISBN
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5 ISBN 0–415–35834–5 (hbk)
6 ISBN 0–415–35835–3 (pbk)
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CONTENTS
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3111 Acknowledgements vii
4 Map: North and South America viii
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1 Independence (1776–1830) 1
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Distant colonial neighbours 1
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Formation of the United States 3
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Outbreak of the Wars for Latin American Independence 6
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Recognition of Latin American independence by the
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United States 13
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Monroe Doctrine 15
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Aftermath of the Monroe Doctrine 17
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Panama Congress 18
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2 Territorial expansionism (1830–79) 21
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Diplomatic and economic neglect 21
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American territorial expansionism 26
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The filibusters 30
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The Central American Canal 33
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Diplomatic disengagement 37
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4 3 Pan-Americanism (1879–1900) 42
5 The Isthmian Canal 42
6 Blaine and the War of the Pacific 45
7 The Pan-American Conference, 1889–90 47
8 Commercial reciprocity 52
9 Diplomatic crises in Chile, Brazil and Venezuela 54
40111 The Spanish–American War 59
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2 4 Dollar diplomacy (1900–28) 66
3 Consequences of the Spanish–American War 66
44111 Dollar diplomacy 69
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CONTENTS
1111 The Panama Canal 71
2 Woodrow Wilson 75
3 The First World War 78
4 The 1920s 83
5 Economic ties 88
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8 Herbert Hoover 91
9 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the ‘Good Neighbor Policy’ 94
1011 Commercial diplomacy 97
1 Accommodation with Mexico 99
2 The European war 101
3111 Diplomatic conflict with Argentina 103
4 Inter-American cooperation during the Second World War 106
5 Internal security 108
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6 Cold War politics (1945–74) 111
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The inter-American system 111
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Resisting Communism in Guatemala 117
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Alliance For Progress 123
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The Cuban Revolution 126
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The Johnson Doctrine 132
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The threat of Allende 135
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7 End of the twentieth century (1974–2000) 141
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The Panama Canal treaties 141
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Relations with Cuba 144
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Human rights 145
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Carter and Nicaragua 146
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Reagan and the Central American Crisis 149
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South Atlantic War 156
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Grenada 157
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Debt Crisis 159
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North American Free Trade Agreement 162
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After the Cold War 164
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Narcotics control 165
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Democracy and human rights 167
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Migration 168
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Notes 171
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Selected bibliography 193
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Index 201
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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3111 I wish to thank Tom Leonard and Kyle Longley for inviting me to partici-
4 pate in a series of conferences on inter-American diplomatic relations that
5 were held during the 1990s. These very pleasant and informative occasions
6 reaffirmed for me the importance of studying and writing about this topic.
7 I was therefore delighted when my colleague, Jeremy Black, gave me the
8 opportunity to prepare both an interpretive study and also what I hope
9 will be an accessible text for students. The completion of the writing owes
20111 much to a Research Leave Award from the Arts and Humanities Research
1 Board that gave me a vital period of release from teaching duties at Exeter.
2 As always, however, my greatest personal debt is to Rachael for her encour-
3 agement and support without which I would never have successfully finished
4 the project.
5 Exeter, November 2004.
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CANADA
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1 UNITED STATES
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CUBA DOM. REP.
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BELIZE HAITI
HONDURAS
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EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
20111 GRENADA
1 COSTA RICAPANAMA VENEZUELA GUYSAUNRAINFARMEENCH GUIANA
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ECUADOR
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PERU
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30111 CHILE
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INDEPENDENCE (1776–1830)
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3111 Distant colonial neighbours
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After the celebrated voyage of discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492
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European monarchs proceeded to conquer and exploit the territory,
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resources and native peoples of the ‘New World’ that made up the Western
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Hemisphere or Americas. In the process colonial empires were established
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characterized by hierarchical systems in which Europeans and ‘creoles’ (white
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Europeans born in the New World) exercised political, economic, social and
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cultural authority over the native peoples and Africans who were imported
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as slave labour. The largest empire belonged to the king of Spain and was
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initially divided into two separate viceroyalties. Its local centres of adminis-
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trative power and wealth lay in Mexico City, capital of the Viceroyalty of
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New Spain, and Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The borders of the
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Spanish-American empire were extensive and ultimately reached as far north
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as the Pacific Northwest and as far south as Cape Horn. Possession of the
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vast territory of Brazil that lay in South America was claimed by the king of
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9 Portugal. The main settlement of the English (British) was the relatively
30111 smaller but much more compact geographical area that eventually developed
1 into the Thirteen North American Colonies stretching from New England
2 in the north to Georgia in the south. In contrast to the Spanish-American
3 empire, the British colonies notably lacked large populations of native
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5 While geography gave the various British, Spanish and Portuguese colonial
6 possessions a common location in the Western Hemisphere, a sense of
7 unity and common history was lacking because geographical factors also
8 meant that relations were not close during the colonial period that lasted
9 from the sixteenth century to the close of the eighteenth century. With
40111 the exception of the islands of the Caribbean, the respective colonial empires
1 were separated both by large distances and very poor communications by
2 sea and overland. An additional barrier was the influence of the dynastic
3 rivalries of Europe, which meant that political and commercial relations –
44111 especially between the North American colonies and the Spanish and
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