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Animals in Human Thought, by Contessa
Evelyn Lilian Hazeldine Carrington
Martinengo-Cesaresco
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Title: The Place of Animals in Human Thought
Author: Contessa Evelyn Lilian Hazeldine Carrington Martinengo-Cesaresco
Release Date: June 29, 2021 [eBook #65720]
Language: English
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HUMAN THOUGHT***
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THE PLACE OF ANIMALS IN
HUMAN THOUGHT
The Emperor Akbar personally directing the tying up of a wild Elephant.
Tempera painting by Abu’l Fazl. (1597-98.)
Photographed for this work from the original in the India Museum.
THE PLACE OF ANIMALS
IN HUMAN THOUGHT
BY
THE COUNTESS EVELYN
MARTINENGO CESARESCO
“On ne connait rien que par bribes.”—M. Berthelot
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
153-157 FIFTH AVENUE
1909
I
“C’est l’éternel secret qui veut être gardé.”
(All rights reserved.)
A
PREFACE
T the Congress held at Oxford in September, 1908, those who heard Count Goblet
d’Alviella’s address on the “Method and Scope of the History of Religions” must have
felt the thrill which announces the stirring of new ideas, when, in a memorable passage, the
speaker asked “whether the psychology of animals has not equally some relation to the science
of religions?” At any rate, these words came to me as a confirmation of the belief that the study
which has engaged my attention for several years, is rapidly advancing towards recognition as a
branch of the inquiry into what man is himself. The following chapters on the different answers
given to this question when extended from man to animals, were intended, from the first, to
form a whole, not complete, indeed, but perhaps fairly comprehensive. I offer them now to the
public with my warmest acknowledgments to the scholars whose published works and, in some
cases, private hints have made my task possible. I also wish to thank the Editor of the
Contemporary Review for his kindness in allowing me to reprint the part of this book which
appeared first in that periodical.
Some chapters refer rather to practice than to psychology, and others to myths and fancies
rather than to conscious speculation, but all these subjects are so closely connected that it
would be difficult to divide their treatment by a hard-and-fast line.
With regard to the illustrations, I am glad to bear grateful testimony to the facilities afforded
me by the Directors of the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Hague Gallery,
the National Museum at Copenhagen, the Egypt Exploration Fund, and by the Secretary of State
for India. H.E. Monsieur Camille Barrère, French Ambassador at Rome, has allowed me to
include a photograph of his remarkably fine specimen of a bronze cat; and I have obtained the
sanction of Monsieur Marcel Dieulafoy for the reproduction of one of Madame Dieulafoy’s
photographs which appeared in his magnificent work on “L’Art Antique de la Perse.” Messrs.
Macmillan & Co., Limited, and Messrs. Chapman and Hall, Limited, have permitted
photographs to be taken of two plates in books published by them. Finally, Dr. C. Waldstein
and Mr. E. B. Havell have been most kind in helping me to give the correct description of some
of the plates.
Salò, Lago di Garda.
February 15, 1909.
5
6
CONTENTS
I
PAGE
SOUL-WANDERING AS IT CONCERNS ANIMALS
11
II
THE GREEK CONCEPTION OF ANIMALS
22
III
ANIMALS AT ROME
44
IV
PLUTARCH THE HUMANE
62
V
MAN AND HIS BROTHER
84
VI
THE FAITH OF IRAN
113
VII
ZOROASTRIAN ZOOLOGY
141
VIII
A RELIGION OF RUTH
166
IX
LINES FROM THE ADI GRANTH
201
X
THE HEBREW CONCEPTION OF ANIMALS
205
XI
“A PEOPLE LIKE UNTO YOU”
221
XII
THE FRIEND OF THE CREATURE
245
XIII
7
8
VERSIPELLES
265
XIV
THE HORSE AS HERO
281
XV
ANIMALS IN EASTERN FICTION
306
XVI
THE GROWTH OF MODERN IDEAS ABOUT
ANIMALS
336
INDEX
367
ILLUSTRATIONS
THE EMPEROR AKBAR PERSONALLY DIRECTING THE TYING UP OF A WILD
ELEPHANT. Tempera painting in the “Akbar Namah,” by Abu’l Fazl (1597-98). India Museum.
Photographed for this work.
Frontispiece
DEER WORSHIPPING THE WHEEL OF THE LAW. Tope of Sanchi, drawn by Lieut.-Col. Maisey
From Fergusson’s “Tree and Serpent Worship.” By permission of the India Office.
11
THE BUDDHISTIC TIGER
From a painting on silk by Ko-Tō in the British Museum. Photographed for this work.
In Japanese Buddhism the Tiger is the type of Wisdom.
21
ORPHEUS
Fresco found at Pompeii. (Sommer.)
32
STELE WITH CAT AND BIRD
Athens Museum.
40
CAPITOLINE SHE-WOLF
(Bruckmann.) Bronze statue. Early Etruscan style. The twins are modern.
44
LION BEING LED FROM THE ARENA BY A SLAVE
From the mosaic pavement of a Roman villa at Nennig.
47
BACCHUS RIDING ON A PANTHER
Mosaic found at Pompeii. (Sommer.)
74
BRONZE STATUE OF AN EGYPTIAN CAT
From the Collection of H.E. Monsieur Camille Barrère, French Ambassador at Rome
82
REINDEER BROWSING. OLDER STONE AGE
Found in a cave at Thayngen in Switzerland.
86
HORSE DRAWING DISC OF THE SUN. OLDER BRONZE AGE
National Museum at Copenhagen.
86
HATHOR COW
Found in 1906 by Dr. Édouard Naville at Deir-el-bahari. By permission of the Egypt Exploration Fund.
102
WILD GOATS AND YOUNG
Assyrian Relief. British Museum. (Mansell.)
108
ASSYRIAN GOD CARRYING ANTELOPE AND WHEAT-EAR
British Museum. (Mansell.)
116
COUNTING CATTLE
Egyptian Fresco. British Museum. (Mansell.)
128
9
KING FIGHTING GRIFFIN (“BAD ANIMAL”)
Relief in Palace of Darius at Persepolis. Photographed by Jane Dieulafoy. From “L’Art Antique de la
Perse.” By permission of M. Marcel Dieulafoy.
142
THE REAL DOG OF IRAN
Bronze Statuette found at Susa. Louvre. From Perrot’s “History of Art in Ancient Persia.” By permission
of Messrs. Chapman & Hall, Ltd.
152
BUDDHA PACIFYING AN INTOXICATED ELEPHANT WHICH HAD BEEN SENT TO
DESTROY HIM. THE ELEPHANT STOOPS IN ADORATION
Græco-Buddhist sculpture from a ruined monastery at Takt-i-Bahi. India Museum. Photographed for
this work.
188
RECLINING BULL
Ancient Southern Indian sculpture. From a photograph in the India Museum.
192
WILD BULLS AND TAMED BULLS
Reliefs on two gold cups found in a tomb at Vapheio near Amyclae. Fifteenth century B.C. (possibly
earlier). From Schuckhardt’s “Schliemann’s Excavations.” By permission of Messrs. Macmillan & Co.,
Ltd.
201
THE GARDEN OF EDEN
By Rubens. Hague Gallery. (Bruckmann.)
208
GENESIS VIII.
Loggie di Raffaello. In the Vatican. Drawn by N. Consoni.
212
DANIEL AND THE LIONS
From an early Christian Sarcophagus in S. Vitale, Ravenna. (Alinari.)
216
“AN INDIAN ORPHEUS”
Inlaid marble work panel originally surmounting a doorway in the Great Hall of Audience in the Mogul
Palace at Delhi (about 1650). Photographed for this work from a painting by a native artist in the India
Museum. Imitated from a painting by Raphael.
222
MOSLEM BEGGAR FEEDING DOGS AT CONSTANTINOPLE
From life.
226
ST. JEROME EXTRACTING A THORN FROM THE PAW OF A LION
By Hubert van Eyck. Naples Museum. (Anderson.)
253
ST. EUSTACE (OR ST. HUBERT) AND THE STAG
By Vittore Pisano. National Gallery. (Hanfstängl.)
256
“LE MENEUR DES LOUPS”
Designed and drawn by Maurice Sand.
276
THE ASSYRIAN HORSE
From a relief in the British Museum. (Mansell.)
284
10
ARABIAN HORSE OF THE SAHARA
From life.
288
THE BANYAN DEER
From “Stûpa of Bharhut.” By General Cunningham. By permission of the India Office. (Griggs.)
328
EGYPTIAN OFFICIAL, WITH HIS WIFE, ENGAGED IN FOWLING IN THE PAPYRUS
SWAMP. HIS HUNTING CAT HAS SEIZED THREE BIRDS.
Mural painting in British Museum. (Mansell.)
330
ASSYRIAN LION AND LIONESS IN PARADISE PARK
British Museum. (Mansell.) The King’s reservations for big game were called “paradises.”
336
LAMBS
Relief on a fifth century tomb at Ravenna. (Alinari.)
338
“IL BUON PASTORE”
Mosaic in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna.
346
