The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution

587 Pages·2012·7.61 MB·English

by  Francis Fukuyama

FARRASRT,R AUASN DG IROUX
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LibraCroyn gorfCe astsal oging-in-DPautbal ication
Fukuyama, Francis.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ix
PARTI :B EFORET HES TATE
1.T HEN ECESSIOTFYP OLITICS 3
2.T HES TATOEF N ATURE 26
3.T HET YRANNOYF C OUSINS 49
4.T RIBASLO CIETIPERSO:P ERTJYU,S TI,CW EAR 64
5.T HEC OMINGO FT HEL EVIATHAN 80
PARTI IS:T ATEB UILDING
6.C HINESTER IBALISM 97
7.W ARA NDT HER ISEO FT HEC HINESE STATE 110
8.T HEG REAHT ANS YSTEM 128
9.P OLITICDAECLA YA ND THREE TURONF P ATRIMONGIOAVLE RNMENT1 39
10.T HEI NDIADNE TOUR 151
11.V ARNAASN DJ ATIS 162
12.W EAKNESSEOSF I NDIAPNO LITIES 175
13.S LAVERAYN D THMEUS LIME XIFTR OMT RIBALISM 189
14.T HEM AMLUKSS AVEI SLAM 202
15.T HEF UNCTIONIANNGD D ECLINOEF T HEO TIOMANS TATE 214
16.C HRISTIANUINTDYE RMINETSH EF AMILY 229
CONTENTS
viii
PARTI lTlH:E R ULE OF LAW
17.T HEO RIGINOSFT HER ULEO FL AW 245
18.T HEC HURCHB ECOMESA STATE 262
19.T HES TATBEE COMESA CHURCH 276
20.O RIENTDAELS POTISM 290
21.S TATIONABRAYN DITS 303
PARTI V:AC COUNTABLGEO VERNMENT
22.T HER ISOEF P OLITIACCACLO UNTABILITY 321
23.R ENTES EEKERS 336
24.P ATRIMONIACLRIOSSMS ETSH EA TLANTIC 355
25.E ASTO FT HEE LBE 373
26.T OWARDA MOREP ERFECATB SOLUTISM 386
27.T AXATIOANN DR EPRESENTATION 402
28.W HYA CCOUNTABILWIHTYY?A BSOLUTISM? 422
PARTV :T OWARDA THEORYO FP OLITICDAELV ELOPMENT
29.P OLITICAL DEVELAONPDMP EONLTI TICDEACLA Y 437
30.P OLITIDCEAVLE LOPMETNHTE,N A NDN OW 458
NOTES 485
BIBLIOGRAPHY 535
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 557
INDEX 559
PREAFCE
Thisb ook thwoaors i gThienfi sr.as rto wshee mny m entor,H uSna­muel
tingotfHo anr vUanridv earsskimetedyt ,ow riatfo er ewotroadr eprint
editoifho i1ns9 6c8l asPsoilciO,tr idiceCnarh l a nSgoicnige Hutniteisn.g1­
tonw'osrr ke presoennett heoledfa esffto trotw sr iatb er osatdu odfpy o ­
litdiecvaell oapnmwdea nostn I ea ssifrgenqeude innmty lo wytn eaching.
Iets tabmlainskyhe eiydd eiancs o mparpaotliiviteni cclsua,td hienogr y
ofp olidteiccatayhlc,e o ncoefap utt hormiotdaerrinainaz natdth ieo n,
nottihopanot l idteivceallo wpamasep nhte nomseenpoanfrr oamot teh er
aspeocfmt osd ernization.
AsI p roceweidttehhdfo e r ewoirstde ,e mteomd e t haitl,l uminating
asP oliOtridcweaarlst ,hb eo onke edseodm e sueprdiaotuIiswtn a gs.
writotneladn ye caodrse oa ftetrhs et aorftt hb eiw ga voefd e colonization
thsawte tphtpe o st-WorIlwIdo rWalandrmd, a noyfi tcso nclursei­ons
flecttheeexd t rienmset aobfti hlpaiettr ywi iotdah lo lfi tcso uapnscd i vil
warIsnt. h yee asrisn ictpesu blicmaatnmiyoo mne,n tcohuasnh gaevse
occurlrietkdhee,e c onormiioscfEe a Assti tahc,eo lloafgp lsoecb oaml­
munisma,c ctehleeo rfga ltoiboanl izwahtaiHtou nn,t ianhngidtm osne lf
labetlh"eetd h wiarvdoe fd"e mocratthisazttaa triitntoeh n1de 9 7P0osl. iti­
caolr dery ethtoab dea chiievnme adnp yl acbeuistht, a edm ersguecd­
cessfumlalnypy a irontft s hd ee velwoopriIlnstdge . e maepdp roptroi ate
gob actkot hteh emoefts h baoto akn tdot rtyo atphpelmyt htweoo rld
asie tx isntoewd.
PREFACE
Inc ontemphloawHt uinntgi 'nisg dteoans bmeri egvhitsfu erdt,h eirt
strmuect kh tahte wraess t miolrlfue n damentable w doiornenkx ept loi ­
cattihnoegr igoifpn osl idteivceallo apnmpdeo nlti ticPaoll idteiccaayl.
OrdieCnrh anSgoicnigte otofoikrge rsa ntthepedo liwtoircolafadlfa irly
lasttea ignhe u mahni stwohreysr,ue c ihn stiatsut thsieto anptsoe l,i tical
partiemsi,l ioltraagwra,yn izaanttdhi leoi nakslee,lx iIsctto .n frotnhtee d
probolfde emv elcoopuinntgtr riyteiosnm go dertnhiezpieor l istyisc­al
tembsud ti dgni'avtena ccooufwn hte trheo ssyes tceammsfre o mi nt he
firpslta cseo ciinwe hteitreheswe ye rleo negs tablCiosuhnetadrrn.ie oe ts
trapbpyte hdep iarsB tusit.nm ancya stehsi,tn hghasat p pehnuendd reds
ore vetnh ousoafyn edasar gsco o nttione uxeem ratj ionrf luoentn hcee
natoufpr oel iItwfie ac rsse.e ektioun ngd erstthfuean ncdt ioonfci onng­
tempoirnasrtyi tiiutnst e icoenstssol,a o roaytkt h eoirri gaintndhs oe ft en
accidaenncdto anlt ifonrgcetenhstba rto utghhetim n bteoi ng.
Thec oncoevretnrh o er iogfii nns titduovteitoanisal s eedc ownidt h
preoccuwphaiwtcaihso nrt,eh ael -pwroorbllodwef em saa kn fadi led states.
Fomru cohft hpee rsiiondSc eep te1m1b2,e0 r0I h1 ,a vbee ewno rkoinn g
thper oblemsa nondfa tsbituoailntd eii ncn ogu ntwriitcehos l laoprs ed
unstgaobvleer namnee natrsl;y t oet ffhoitrnhtkr otuhgpihrs o bwlaesm
ab ooIkp ubliisn2h 0e0td4i tSlteadt ei-nBGguo:iv ledrannaWdnoc rel d
Ordientr h Tew entyC-efinrt2sTu thrU eyn .i ted asSw teaaltlste hisen, t er­
natidoonnacolor m mumnoirtbeyr oahdalisyn ,v easg treeddae tia nnla tion­
builpdrionjgae rcotutsnh wdeo rilndc,l uAdgfihnagn iIsrtaSaqon,m,l a ia,
HaiTtiim,o r-LesLteeo,an neSLd,ii ebreIrmr ayi sace.ol nfs uwlitttehhd e
WorBladn akn tdh Aeu straailadig aennA cuys Aiinld o okaittn hpger ob­
lemosfs tabtuei lidniM negl anienscilau,d ing PTaipmNuoearw - Leste,
GuinIenad,o nPeaspiuaanand, Stohleo Imsolna anllod fws h,i hcahv een ­
countseerreiddoi uffisc uilntt riyetisocn ogn stmroudcestrt na tes.
Consifodree xra,m tphlpeer ,o bolfie mmp lamnotdienirgnn s titutions
inM elanseosciialenit Pkiaeep sNu eaw G uinaenatd h Seo lomIoslna nds.
Melanseosciiaioesnrt gya ntirziebidan llwtyho,a t anthrcoaspleolg l­ogists
mentlairnye gargoeuospf,ps e opwlheot ratcheed iers cteoanc to mmon
ancesNtuomrb.e rainynwgh freormae f edwo zteoanf etwh ouskanidn s­
ment,h etsreia breleso cknaollwyn a sw antaop kisd,cgo irnr uopftt hieo n
Englwiosr"hdo snt ea lko;rp' e owphlose p etahkse am el anguThaesg oec.i al
fragmenttahetaxitio snMt esl aininees sx itar aorPdaipNnueaawrG yu.i nea
hosmtosrt eh anni hnuen dmruetdu ianllcyo mprelhaenngsuiabgyle es , nearl
PREFACE xi
Cora 1 Se•
·-
Melanesia
one-sioxfat lhol f t hweo rlde'xst atnotn guThees .S olomoIns lanwdist,ah
populatioofon n lfiyv eh undrtehdo usannodn,e thehlaesos vse sre vendtiys ­
tinlcatn guagMeoss.tr esideonftt hseP NG highlahnadvsne e velre ftt he
smalmlo untavianll eiynsw hicthh ewye rbeo rnt;h eliirv aersle i vweidt hin
thwea ntoakn di nc ompetiwtiitonhne ighbowrainntgo ks.
The wantoakrsle e bdy a B igM an.N o onei sb oranB igM an,n orc an
aB igM anh andt hatti tdloew nt oh iss onR.a thetrh,ep osithiaosnt ob e
earnede aicgnhe neratIiftoa nln.lo stn ecessatroti hloysw eh oa rpeh ysically
dominabnuttt ot hosweh oh aveea rntehd eco mmunittyr'ussu ts,u alloyn
theb asiosfa biltiotd yi stripbiugtsseh, e mloln eya,n do therre sourtcoe s
memberosft hter ibIent. r aditMieolnaanle ssioacni etthyeB, i gM anm ust
constabnetl loyo kionvge hri ssh ouldbeerc,a uasc eo mpetifotroa ru thority
mayb ec ominugp b ehinhdi mW.i thoruets ourtcode iss trihbeul toes,e s
hisst atausls e ader.3
WhenA ustraglriaan tiendd ependteonP caep uNae wG uinea Barnidt ­
aint ot heS olomoinnst he1 970tsh,e eys tablimsohdeedr" nW estmin-ster"
stygloev ernmeinntw sh,i cchi tizveontsfoe r m emberosf p arliamienn t
regulmaurl tipaerlteyc tiIonAn uss.t raalnidBa r itapionl,i tcihcoailcr ees­
volvaer ounad l eft-of-cLeanbtoeuPrr a rtayn da c onservaptaritvy(e t he
Liberal iPnAa ursttyr atlhieTa o,r iiensB ritaViont)e.br ysan d larmgaek e
XII PREFACE
decisbiaosonensdi deoalnopdgo yl (ifoceryx ampwlhee,tt hheery want
morgeo vernpmreontte ocrtmi oormneas r ket-oproileinctieeds ).
Whetnh piosl istyisctwaealmts r ansptloMa enltaendhe oswiea,v, e r
three swualcsth aTohsre.e awsoatnsh maots t vionMt eelrasnd eons oita
votfoerp oliptriocgarlra amtsht;eh res,yu pptohreBtii rMg a n atnhde ir
wantIotfkh .Be i Mga n( anadno ccasioWnoamla cnBa)gin eg et l ecttoe d
parlitahmneee nMwt P,w iulslhe io srh eirn fluteodn icrgeeo cvte rnment
resoubracctekots h wea nttoohk e,ls pu ppowritttehhr isln igsksce h ool
feesb,u riala nccdoo sntsst,rp urcotjiDeoecnst psti.het exe i stoefann ac­e
tional gwoivteahrlo nlftm hteern atp poifsn ogvse reliigakfn elt aayng,d
ana rmfye,rw e sidoefMn etlsa nesais ae nohsfabe ve el ontgoail nagr ger
natioorbn e,i pnagro tfa s ocwioarlml udc bhe yotnhdew iarn tTohke.
parliaomfPe NnGat nsd Stohleo mhoanvnseoc oheproelntip tairctaile s;
theyful lao rfie n divliedaudeaealrcs sht, r itvobi rnibgna gca ksm ucpho rk
asp osstiohb iloserh enra rrboawso efs upporters.4
Melantersiisbaoa'clssi y asltl eimme ictosn omic debveeclaoupsmee nt
iptr evtehneetm se rgoefmn ocdee prrno preirgtJhyntb so.tP ha pNueaw
Guinaenatd h Seo loImsolna unpdwsao,rf9 d5p ercoefan lltla nidhs e ld
inwh aitks n owansc ustolmaantrdey n uUrned.ce urs tormualrpeyrs o­,p
eritpsyr ivbauhttee l idn form(atlhilasywt, i tnhol egdaolc umentation)
byg rouopfks i nfowlhkoh, a vbeo tihn divaindcduo alll ercitgihvtes to
diffesrternoitfp lsaP nrdo.p hearnsto yot n lye caonn obmuaitlc as s op iri­
tusailg nifisciandnceceaer d,e laatribevu ersii encd e rtsapioontn ts h e
wantolka'nasdn ,td h esipri ritst oci onnhtatibhniaputtle a Ncoe .o ne
int hwea ntionkc,l utdhBiein Mgga nh,a tsh eex clursiigtvhoaet l ienate
tittolt hele a ntdoa no utsiAd meirn.io5nrp g a lomic lo mpasneye kai ng
concehsastsio on ne gotwiiatthe huonrsd ormeedtst ihmoeuss oafn ds
landowannetdrh sei,rns eo s taotufmtlieit atoinlo anncsdl auinmdste rra ­
ditirounlaels .6
Frotmh set andopfmo ainnfoytr eigtnhebere sh,a ovifMo erl anesian
politliocoilkaispnk oesl ictoircraulpB tufrtio omnt .hs et andopfto hien t
islatnrdasd'it triisobnoaacslliy asltt ehBmei, Mg e na rsei mpdoliywn hga t
BiMge nh ave adlownwaehy,is ic shr etdoi strreisbouuttrotec h eekisin rs ­
menE.x cetphta tt nhoehywa vaec cneosjtsu tsopt i gs anmdo nsehye ll
buatl tsoro e vefrnoumem si niannlgdo ggcionngc essions.
Itta koensla cy o upolfhe o utrofs l fryo mP orMto resPbayp,Nu eaw
Guinceaa'psit toCa ali,or rnB sr isibnAa unset rbauiltnti hafa,lt i ognhiets
PREFACE
xiii
ins omsee ntsrea vesresvietnrhgao lu syaenaodrfp s o lidteivceallo pment.
Int hinakibnogMu etl ainape'ossl idteivceallo cphmaelnltIeb neggetason,
wondheorwa nsyo ciheatedyv emra dteh ter ansfriotmai t orni tboaa l-
states-olcyei,hve oetwlm odeprrno perritghhyat edsv olovueotdfc us­
tomaornyea sn,hd o wfo rmlaelg sayls tdeempse,n odnaek nitno dft hird­
paretnyfoc remetnhtda ote nsoe tx isttr aidniM teiloannafielrs msiatad ,e
theaiprp earOanfun rcteh.re erf lehcotwieovinest,re ,e mteomd e t hiatt
wapse rhaac posn cteoti htit nhkma otd esronc iheatpdir eosg rseos sfaerd
beyoMnedl anseisnicaeM, e Bni-gti hsap,to litwihcodi iasntsrr ieb­ute
sourtcote hse ir arnesdlu aptpiovretsue brisq-uaiirntteh o ceuo sn tempo­
rarwyo rlidn,c ludUi.nCSgo. n tghreIe pfso sl.id teivceallo ipmmpelnite d
movembeenyto pnadt rimroenliaatli aonndps ehrisposn alistic politics,
onael hsaotd o e xplwahiytn h ese psruarcvtiiinvmc eaednsp y l aacneds
whys eenmgilmyo desryns toeftmersne vetrott heedm .
Thea nswteomr asn oyft heqsuee stwieornneost t ob efo unidnP oliti­
caOlr dienCr h gainnSgo ciienrt eiveissH;iu tnitnig'nts go tpoinc, this pre­
histwooruyl d rceoqnusiirdceel raarbilfiec ation.
Hentchece u rrbeonowtkh ,i lcoho aktts hh ei stoorriicgoaifpln o sl iti­
cailn stitauswt eialolstn hpser ocoefps osl idteiccThaaiyls. t hifiesr osft
twov olumaensdi,td eawlistp ho lidteivceallo frpommep nrte human
timuepts or ougthhleeyv o eft hFer enacnhAd m erirceavno luThtei ons.
presenti asvb ooltuuhtpme ea st-iinstdt eaenrdotw,tsi trhe corhdue­d
manh istbourwtyi tmha nkipnrdi'msaa ntcee sTthofierr ssfo.tu rp arts
deawli thhu mapnr ehitshtoeor riygo,ift n hsset atthere,u olfel aw, and
finaalclcy oungtoavbelrenT mhesene tc.ov nodl uwmiebl rli tnhgse t ory
upt ot hper espeanyti,sn pge cial atthtieem nptatichotaWn te sttoe rn
instithuaotdni io nnsst itiunnt oinoe-nsWst seorcni aestt iheessyo ught
tom odernIwitiz lel. dtehsechnroi wpb oel idteivceallo pmeinnt occurs
thceo ntempwoorralrdy.
Iites x treimmeployrt tora enattdh v iosl uimnae n ticiopfwa htaiitso n
toc omient hsee coAnsId m .a kcel eiantr h fien alc hapotfte hrbi oso k,
polidteivceallo ipnmt ehmneot d ewronr olcdc uurnsd seurb stantially
different frcoomnt dhioitsntie ho pene sr iuopud n ttihllea etieg hteenth
centOunrcyte.h Ien dusRtervioallou ctciuorna rnehddu masno cieties
exittheMeda lthcuosnidaintt hiehoyane dsx periueptn otc heedann ,e w
dynawmaiascd detdh petr oo coefss osc cihaalnt ghewa otu hladv heu ge
polictoincsaelq uReenacdoeeftsr h.svi osl ummieg ghettt h iem pression