Table Of ContentThe Europe of Elites
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Serieseditors:MaurizioCottaandPierangeloIsernia
(CIRCaP–UniversityofSiena)
Booksintheseriesinclude:
TheEuropeofElites
AStudyintotheEuropeannessofEurope'sPoliticalandEconomicElites
EditedbyHeinrichBest,GyörgyLengyel,andLucaVerzichelli
TheEuropeanizationofNationalPolities?
CitizenshipandSupportinaPost-EnlargementUnion
EditedbyDavidSanders,PaoloBellucci,GáborTóka,andMarianoTorcal
EuropeanIdentity
WhattheMediaSay
EditedbyPaulBayleyandGeoffreyWilliams
CitizensandtheEuropeanPolity
MassAttitudesTowardstheEuropeanandNationalPolities
EditedbyDavidSanders,PedroMagalhães,andGáborTóka
This is an open access version of the publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of
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The Europe of Elites
’
A Study into the Europeanness of Europe s
Political and Economic Elites
Edited by
Heinrich Best, György Lengyel, and Luca Verzichelli
1
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’
Series Editors Foreword
In a moment in which the EU is facing an important number of social,
economic,political,andculturalchallenges,anditslegitimacyanddemocratic
capacitiesareincreasinglyquestioned,itseemsparticularlyimportanttoaddress
the issue of if and how EU citizenship is taking shape. This series intends to
addressthiscomplexissue.ItreportsthemainresultsofaquadrennialEurope-
wideresearchproject,financedundertheSixthFrameworkProgrammeofthe
EU. Thatprogramme has studied the changes inthe scope,nature, and char-
acteristicsofcitizenshippresentlyunderwayasaresultoftheprocessofdeepen-
ingandenlargementoftheEuropeanUnion.
TheIntUne Project––Integrated andUnited: AQuest for Citizenship in an
EverCloserEurope––isoneofthemostrecentandambitiousresearchattempts
toempiricallystudyhowcitizenshipischanginginEurope.TheProjectlasted
fouryears(2005–2009)anditinvolvedthirtyofthemostdistinguishedEuro-
peanuniversitiesandresearchcentres,withmorethan100seniorandjunior
scholarsaswellasseveraldozengraduatestudentsworkingonit.Ithadasits
mainfocusanexaminationofhowintegrationanddecentralizationprocesses,
atboththenationalandEuropeanlevel,areaffectingthreemajordimensions
of citizenship: identity, representation, and scope of governance. It looked, in
particular,attherelationshipsbetweenpolitical,social,andeconomicelites,
thegeneralpublic,policyexpertsandthemedia,whoseinteractionsnurture
the dynamics of collective political identity, political legitimacy, representa-
tion,andstandardsofperformance.
In order to address empirically these issues, the IntUne Project carried
outtwowavesofmassandpolitical,social,andeconomicelitesurveysin18
countries, in 2007 and 2009; in-depth interviews with experts in five policy
areas;extensivemediaanalysisinfourcountries;andadocumentaryanalysis
ofattitudestowardsEuropeanintegration,identity,andcitizenship.Thebook
seriespresentsanddiscussesinacoherentwaytheresultscomingoutofthis
extensivesetofnewdata.
The series is organized around the two main axes of the IntUne Project,
to report how the issues of identity, representation, and standards of good
governance are constructed and reconstructed at the elite and citizen levels,
and how mass–elite interactions affect the ability of elites to shape identity,
representation, and the scope of governance. A first set of four books will
v
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IntUneSeriesForeword
examine how identity, scope of governance, and representation have been
changing over time at elites, media, and public level, respectively. The next
twobookswillpresentcross-levelanalysisofEuropeanandnationalidentity
ontheonehandandproblemsofnationalandEuropeanrepresentationand
scope of governance on the other, in doing so comparing data at both the
mass and elite level. A concluding volume will summarize the main results,
framingtheminawidertheoreticalcontext.
M.C.andP.I.
vi
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Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xi
ListofAbbreviations xiv
ListofContributors xv
Acknowledgements xix
1. Introduction:Europeanintegrationasaneliteproject 1
HeinrichBest,GyörgyLengyel,andLucaVerzichelli
2. Europeàlacarte?Europeancitizenshipanditsdimensions
fromtheperspectiveofnationalelites 14
MaurizioCottaandFedericoRusso
3. ReadytorunEurope?Perspectivesofasupranationalcareer
amongEUnationalelites 43
NicolasHubéandLucaVerzichelli
4. Nationalelites’preferencesontheEuropeanizationof
policymaking 67
JoséReal-Dato,BorbálaGöncz,andGyörgyLengyel
5. TheothersideofEuropeanidentity:eliteperceptionsof
threatstoacohesiveeurope 94
IrminaMatonyte_andVaidasMorkevic(cid:2)ius
6. Elites’viewsonEuropeaninstitutions:nationalexperiences
siftedthroughideologicalorientations 122
DanielGaxieandNicolasHubé
7. Patternsofregionaldiversityinpoliticalelites’attitudes 147
MladenLazi(cid:3)c,MiguelJerez-Mir,VladimirVuleti(cid:3)c,andRafael
Vázquez-García
8. Theelites–massesgapinEuropeanintegration 167
WolfgangC.Müller,MarceloJenny,andAlejandroEcker
9. PartyelitesandthedomesticdiscourseontheEU 192
NicolòConti
vii
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Contents
10. ElitefoundationsofEuropeanintegration:acausalanalysis 208
HeinrichBest
11. ElitesofEuropeandtheEuropeofelites:aconclusion 234
HeinrichBest
12. Appendix.Surveyingelites:informationonthestudy
designandfieldreportoftheIntUneelitesurvey 242
GyörgyLengyelandStefanJahr
References 269
Index 285
viii
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List of Figures
2.1 Frequencydistributionofthevariable‘unificationhasalreadygonetoo
far(0)orshouldbestrengthened(10)?’forpoliticalandeconomicelites 20
2.2 Preferencesaboutlevelsofresponsibilityfordifferentpolicies
(onlypoliticians)(%) 28
3.1 Countries’projectiononthefactorialplan(axes1and3) 58
4.1 Preferredlevelofgovernmentinpolicyareas(politicaland
economicelites)(validpercentages) 69
4.2 Preferredlevelofgovernmentinpolicyareasbytypeofelite
(validpercentages) 73
4.3 PreferencesontheEuropeanizationofthreepolicyareasin
10years(validpercentages) 73
4.4 PreferencesontheEuropeanizationofthreepolicyareasin
10yearsbytypeofelite(validpercentages) 75
5.1 Europeanelites’perceptionofthreatstoacohesiveEurope 96
5.2 Europeanelites’perceptionofthreatstoacohesiveEurope:
elitetypedifferences 102
5.3 Europeanelites’perceptionofthreatstoacohesiveEurope:
countrydifferences 104
5.4 Predictedprobabilitiesofperceivinggrowthofnationalistattitudes
intheEUmemberstatesasathreattoacohesiveEuropeby
hypothesizedEuropeanelites’groups(derivedfromorderedlogistic
regressionanalysisresults) 112
5.5 Predictedprobabilitiesofperceivingeconomicandsocialdifferences
amongtheEUmemberstatesasathreattoacohesiveEuropeby
hypothesizedEuropeanelites’groups(derivedfromorderedlogistic
regressionanalysisresults) 113
5.6 PredictedprobabilitiesofperceivingenlargementoftheEUto
includeTurkeyasathreattoacohesiveEuropebyhypothesized
Europeanelites’groups(derivedfromorderedlogisticregression
analysisresults) 114
5.7 PredictedprobabilitiesofperceivinginterferenceofRussiain
EuropeanaffairsasathreattoacohesiveEuropebyhypothesized
ix
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