Table Of Content
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ISLAM
VOLUME 2B
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
ISLAM
VOLUME 2B
ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND
CIVILIZATION
EDITED BY
P. M. HOLT
Professor of Arab History in the University of London
ANN K. S. LAMBTON
Emeritus Professor of Persian in the University of London
BERNARD LEWIS
Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521219495
© Cambridge University Press 1970
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in two volumes 1970
First paperback edition (four volumes) 1977
First four-volume hardcover edition 1978
Volume 2B reprinted 1980, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1995, 2000
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 73-77291
ISBN 978-0-521-21949-5 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-29138-5 paperback
Transferred to digital printing 2007
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of Plates page vii
Acknowledgements x
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
PART VIII. ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION 441
1 THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING 443
by x. DE PLANHOL, University of Nancy
2 THE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION 469
by the late G. E. VON GRVNEBAVM, formerly at Near Eastern Center,
University of California
3 ECONOMY, SOCIETY, INSTITUTIONS JII
by CLAUDE CAHEN, University of'Paris
4 LAW AND JUSTICE 539
by the late j. SCHACHT, Columbia University, New York
5 RELIGION AND CULTURE 569
iyLOUiSGARDET, College Phihsophique et Tblologique, Toulouse
6 MYSTICISM 604
by the late A. j. ARBERRY, University of Cambridge
7 REVIVAL AND REFORM IN ISLAM 632
by FAZLUR RAHMAN. Central Institute of Islamic Research, Karachi
8 LITERATURE: 657
(A) ARABIC LITERATURE 657
by IRFAN SHAHID
(b) PERSIAN LITERATURE 67I
by E. YAR-SHATER, Columbia University, New York
(c) TURKISH LITERATURE 682
iyFAHiRiz, University of Istanbul
(d) URDU LITERATURE 695
^AZIZAHMAD, University of Toronto
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
9 ART AND ARCHITECTURE JOZ
by G. FEHERVARI, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London
IO SCIENCE 741
I, Institut Dominicain tTEtudesOrientales, Cairo
11 PHILOSOPHY 780
by s. PINES, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
12 WARFARE 824
by the late v. j. PARRY, formerly at the University of London
13 THE TRANSMISSION OF LEARNING AND LITER-
ARY INFLUENCES TO WESTERN EUROPE 851
by F. GABRIEU, University of Rome
Dynastic List 890
Bibliography 891
Glossary 907
Index 911
VI
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
LIST OF PLATES
\a Damascus, the Great or Umayyad Mosque, the so-called 'Baradd'
mosaic panel under the western portico
b The Umayyad palace of Mshatta: audience hall with the triple
apse
za Qusayr 'Amra, view from the north
b Qusayr 'Amra, painting of the enthroned monarch in the alcove
3<z Jericho, Khirbat al-Mafjar, mosaic floor in the bath
b Ewer of the Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, Persian, second/eighth
century
44 Ukhaydir, the eastern gateway, looking from the north
b Samarra, the Jawsaq al-Khaqani palace, the Bab al-'Amma (221/836)
5<7 Samarra, stucco panel from a recently excavated private house
b Samarra, Jawsaq al-Khaqani palace, wall fresco representing
dancing girls from the harem
c Samarra, the Great Mosque with the Malwiyya
6a Beaker, splashed and mottled ware, Mesopotamia, third/ninth
century
b Large dish, tin-glazed cobalt blue painted ware, Mesopotamia,
third/ninth century
c Small bowl painted in polychrome lustre, Mesopotamia, third/ninth
century
d Large bowl, slip-painted ware, NishapQr, fourth/tenth century
-ja Cairo, Mosque of Ahmad b. Tulfln, 263-5/876-9
b Cairo, Mosque of Ahmad b. Tulun, view of the sanctuary with two
stucco flat mihrabs on two pillars in the foreground
%a Cordoba, the Great Mosque, the mihrab, 354/96$
b Bukhara, the mausoleum of Isma'il the Samanid, 295/907
9a Tim, Uzbekistan, mausoleum of 'Arab Ata, 367/977-8, zone of
transition
b Na'In, mihrab and minbar of the Masjid-i Jami', late fourth/tenth
century
1 oa Cairo, Mosque of al-Azhar, dome over court end of sanctuary with
stucco decorations and window grills, c. 545/1150
b Kharaqan, recently discovered Seljuk tomb-tower, 486/1093
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LIST OF PLATES
11 Cairo, Mosque of al-Juyushi, the stucco mihrdb, 478/1085
1 la Large dish, lustre painted, Egypt, fifth/eleventh century
b Fatimid painting: siege of a fortress, Egypt, sixth/twelfth century
13 Damavand, a recently discovered Seljuk tomb-tower, fifth/eleventh
century
14a Ardistan, Masjid-i Jami', 5 5 3-5/115 8-60, zone of transition
b Hamadan, Gunbad-i 'Alawiyyan, sixth/twelfth century
15a Natanz, Masjid-i Kuchi Mir, stucco mihrdb, sixth/twelfth century
b Mosul, the Great Mosque, 543/1148, the minaret
16a Divrighi, Ulu Jami1, 626/1229, detail of the main entrance
b Ankara, Arslankhane Jami', faience mihrdb, 688-9/1289-90
17a Bowl, decoration msgraffiato technique; Persian, Amul, late fourth/
tenth or early fifth/eleventh century
b Jug, so-called 'Seljuk white ware'; Persian, Rayy or Kashan, late
sixth/twelfth century
c Large dish, lustre-painted; Persian, Rayy, late sixth/twelfth or early
seventh/thirteenth century
d Bowl, overglaze, so-called mind'ipainted; Persian, Rayy, late sixth/
twelfth or early seventh/thirteenth century
1 $a Bucket, inlaid with silver, made in Herat, signed and dated:
559/1163
b Ewer, brass, inlaid with silver, signed by Shuja' b. Mana', dated:
629/1232
19a Miniature painting: the Pharmacy, from Dioscorides's Materia
Medica, Baghdad, 681/1224
b Miniature painting: Abii Zayd before the governor of Merv. From
the Maqdmdt of al-Harirl, Baghdad, c. 622-33/1225-35
^oa Islamic calligraphy: (i) simple Kufic, (ii) foliated Kufic, (in)
floriated Kufic, (iv) Naskhi, (v) Thuluth, (vi) Nasta'liq
b Seljuk carpet from Anatolia, seventh/thirteenth century
2.1a Aleppo, gateway to the citadel, sixth/twelfth century
b Cairo, the Mausoleum of Imam Shafi'I, woodcarvings of the
cenotaph, 608/1211
22a Detail of an inlaid bronze canteen, early seventh/thirteenth century
b Rabat, minaret of Mosque of Hassan
23*7 Granada, the Alhambra, eighth/fourteenth century
b Natanz, the minaret of the Masjid-i Jami', 704-9/1304-9, and the
dome of the tomb of Abii Samad, 707/1307
24a Samarqand, Gur-i Mir mausoleum, general view, 807/1404
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LIST OF PLATES
Samarqand, Shah-i Zinda, detail of portal of Tughluk Tekin's
mausoleum, 774/1372
.25 a Miniature painting from the Jdmi' al-tawartkh of Rashid al-Dln,
714/1314: Muhammad replacing the stone in the Ka'ba
b Miniature painting from the Shdh-nama: Bahrain Gur hunting and
the death of his mistress, Azada; Shiraz school, early eighth/
fourteenth century
26 Miniature painting from the Diwdn of Hafiz: Dance of the der-
vishes ; Herat, Bihzad's school, late ninth/fifteenth century
zfa Cairo, facade of the mausoleum of Qalawun, 683-4/1284-5
b Mamluk carpet, Egypt, ninth/fifteenth century
28a Isfahan, the 'AH Qapu palace, early eleventh/seventeenth century
b Edirne, Selimiye Jami', built by Sinan Pasha, 997-83/1569-75
zya Dish, Iznik pottery, third period, early eleventh/seventeenth
century. Crown copyright
b Turkish embroidery, twelfth/eighteenth century
30 Isfahan, minaret of the Masjid-i Shah, 1020-48/1612-38
31a The so-called 'Polish rug', silk pile; Persian, eleventh/seventeenth
century
b Safavid metalwork: covered bowl, dated: 1089/1678. Crown
copyright
32a Large dish, so-called 'Kubachi' ware, north-western Persia,
eleventh/seventeenth century. Crown copyright
b Persian white, so-called 'Gombroon', ware, ewer, late eleventh/
seventeenth/century. Crown copyright
The plates appear between pages 708 and joy.
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