Table Of ContentISBN0 -679-72467-2
I
9 7806797 24674
T
H
l1
l
tt
c
k
Jacobins
TOUSSAILN'TO UVERTUANRED
THE SAND OMINGOR EVOLUTION
SECONDE DITIONll,E VISED
c. L.J AR.M ES
VINTAGE BOOKS
A DiviosRfia onnd Hoomu Isnec,N. e wY ork
VINTAGEB OOKSE DITIONO,c tobe1r9 89
Copyrig©h 1t9 6b3y R andomH ouseI,n c.
Allr ightrse servuedn derI nternatiaonnda Pla n
AmericaCno pyrigChotn ventioPnusb.l ishiend t he
United Stbayt Veisn taBgoeo ksa, d ivisoifoR na ndom
HouseI,n cN.e,w Y orka,n ds imultaneionuC salnya dbay
RandomH ouseo fC anadLai miteTdor,o ntOor. iginally
publisihnet dh e UniStteadt eisnd, i fferfeonrtmb ,y T he
DiaPlr esTsh.i esd itioorni ginpaulbllyi sbheyVd i ntage
Booksad, i visoifoR na ndomH ouseI,n ci.n,1 963.
Thel ineqsu oteodn p age4 02a ref rom" The DryS al
vageisn"F ouQru artcoeptysri,1g 9h4t3,b, yT .SE.l ioRte.
printbeydp ermiSSoifoH na rcourt, &B Wroarcled I,n c.
ISBN0:- 679-72467-Z
LibraorfCy o ngreCsasr dN umber6:3 -15043
Manufactuirnte hdeU niteSdt atoefsA merica
9B
ToM y Good Friends PREFACET OTHE VINTAGE EDmON
HARRYAND ELIZABETH SPENCEB,
THIS boowka s wriitn1t 9e3n8T .o dya,I h avlei ttot laed d
OF NELSON, LANCASHIRE, ENGLAND
too rs ubtrafrcotm th e fundameindteawalh si cgho verned
itcso nceptiTohne.ya ref amro rec ommopnr operntyo w
thanth eyw eret wenty-Byveea rasg oW.h erthee yfl yin
thef acoefh istoreivceanIlth sa voem ittoerad l tethreemdJ
nevemro reth ant oth e exteonfta f ewl ines.
Ih avree taithnee cdo cnludingp agewsh icehn visage
andw erein tendetdos timulathtee c ominge mancipation
ofM ricaT. heya rea parotf th e histoorfo yu rti me.I n
1938o nlyt hewr itearn da handfouflc losaes sociates
thoughwtr,o taen ds pokaesif the Mricane venotfsth e
lasqtu artoefar c entuwrye riem minent.
TheA ppend�ix',F rToomu ssaLin'tO uverttouF ried el
Castroa,t"t emfpotthrse futuorfeth e WestI ndiaellso ,f
them, whwaatsd onfeo Arf riinc a1 938W.r iteornst he
West Indiesr eallatwthaeey mts o th eiarp proximtaot ion
BritaFirna,n cSep,a iann dA mericthaa,ti st os ayt,o
Westecrni vilizationne.v eirnr elatitoothn e ir owhni story.
This is heraet tempftoethrde msttim e.
C.L .R .JAMES
)
PREFACTEO T HE FmSTE DITION
IN 178t9he F rencWhe stI ndicaonl oonfyS anD omingo
supplitewdo -thoifrt dhseo versteraasd oefF rancaen d
wast hger eatiensdti vimdauraklfe otthr e E uropesalna ve
tradeI.tw asa ni ntegpraarlot f t hee conomliicfo ef the
ageth,e greatceoslto innyth e worlthde, p ridoefF rance,
andt hee nvoyf e veroyth eri mperinaaltiisTothn .ew hole
structurrees toendt hel abooufrh alf-a-msillalvieosn.
InA ugus1t7 9a1f,tte wro y earosft heF rencRhe vo
lutioann di trse percusisnSi aonDn osm ingthoe, s lavrees
volteTdh.es truggllaes tfeodr1 2y earTsh.e s lavdees
featiendturn the locawlh iteasn dth e soldioefrt sh e
Frencmho narcah Syp,a niisnhv iaosna, B riteixsphe dition
ofs ome6 0,0m0en0,a nda Frencehx pediotfis oinm ilar
sizuen deBro naparbtreo'tsh er-iTnh-edl eafwe.oa ftB ona
parteex'pse diitino1 n8 0r3e sulitneth de establisohfm ent
theN egro sotfHa atiewt hii chha sl astteothd i sd ay.
Ther evoilstht e onlsyu ccessslfauvrlee voilnht i s
torayn,d t heo ddist h adt oo vercoimsee v idenocfte h e
magnitoufdte h ei ntertheasttw se rien volvTehdet. r ans
formatoifso lna vterse,m bliinhn ugn drebdesf oar sei ngle
whitmea n,i ntao p eopalbel teo o rgantihseem selavneds
defetahte m ospto werfuElu ropenaant ioonfts h ediary ,
iso neo ft heg reaetp icosfr evolutiosntarruyg agnlde
achievemWehnyt a.n dh owth ish appenise dt het heme
oft hibso ok.
By a phenomenoofnt eonb servtehde,i ndividual
leadersrheispp onsfiobrthl ies u niquaec hievemweanst
almosetn tirtehleyw orko fa singmlaen -Toussaint
L'OuverBteuaruec.h aimntp h Bei ograUpnhiivee rcsaelllles
PREAPC ET O THEF IRSETD ITION Preftatoch Feei r Esdti tion xi
ToussaLi'nOuvte rtureo neof them ostr emarkambenl ofe theseon their environamteo nnteo fth oser are moments
ap eririocdh in remaarbklmee nH.e d ominafrtome dhis whens ociiesaty t b oilipnogi annt dth erefflouried .
The analysiisths e scieanncdeth ed emonstrathtei on
entry untilc ircumstarnecmeso vhime d fromth e scene.
art whichi sh istoTrhyevi. o lecnotnfl icotfos u r aegneab le
Theh istoofrth ye SanD omingroe voluwiltilo thne refore
our practivseids itoosn e 'ein tthoe verbyo neosfp revious
largelybe a recoorfdh iasc hievemeanntdhs is p olitical
revolutmioorneesa silthya nh eretoYfeotrf eoth.r a tv ery
personaThlei wrtyi.t erb elieanvde sis, c onfidenthte nar
reasiotni sim pOSSitbolr ee colhliesctto reimcoatli oinns
rativwilel provthea,t b etwe1e7n8 9a nd1 815w.i thth e
thattr anqiluiltwyh icahg reEantg lish twroinota errr,o wly,
single exocfeB potinoanp ahritmes enlofs ,i ngfilgeu re
associwaittephdo etrayl one.
appearoenthd e historisctaalgm eo rgree atlgiyf tedth an
Tranquillittyo -daiyse itheri nna(tteh peh ilisotri ne)
thisN egroa. s latilvleh ew as4 5.Y etT oussadiindnt ot
tob ea cquiorneldby y a d elibedroaptieon fg thpee rson.
maket her evolutiIto wna.s the revoluthatito nm ade
aliIty.tw asi nth es tillnofe as sse assiudbeu trhba cto uld
ToussaAnidn te.v enth ati sn othet wholtrueth .
be hearmdo stc learanldy i nsistethnetl yb oominogf
Thewri tinogf h istbeocryo meevse rm oredif ficulThte.
Francoh'esa vartilyl ery, ther attleS talin'osf firinsgq uads
powerof Godo rth ew eakneosfms an ,Chri stianityo rth e
andthe fiercsehil rltu rmooilfth er evolutimoonvaerym ent
divirnieg ohftk intgsog ovewrnr oncagn. easibel mya de
strivfionclrga riatyn di nfluencSeu.c ish om agea ndth is
responfsoithbrel d eo wnfofa lslt ataensdth e birothf n ew
booikso fi tw,i th sometohfthi enf ge vaenrd th ef reNto.r
societiSeusc.he lementcoanrcye ptiolnesn thde mselves
doethse wrirteegrrit e.Tht e booiksth eh istoofrya r evo
willintgloyn arrativtree atmenantd fromT acittuoMs a
lutioann dw rittuennd edri fferceinrtc umstiatwn ocuelsd
caulfaryo,Tm h ucydidteoGs r eethne,t raditionfaalmloyu s
havbeee na deifrfebntu tn onte cessaa breittleybr o ok.
historhiaavbnees e mno raer tthiasnts cientithsety:w rote
so elble cauthseeys aws ol itTtlo-e.d ayb ya n aturarle
�
c.L .R .J AMES
actiowne t entdo a personificaotifoth ne socifaolr ces,
gremate nb einmge reolryn earilnys trumenint thse h ansd
ofe conomdiecs tiAsn ys.oo ftethne tru thd oenso tl iine
betweeGnr.e amte n mahkies tobruyto. n lsyu chhi story
asi ist possifbothlree m t om akeT.h eifrre edoomfa chieve
menits l imibtyeth de necessiotifthe esi ern vironmTeon t.
portratyh el imiotfths o sen ecessaintidet sh er ealisation,
compleotrep artialo,f al lp ossibilthaitti ise tsh,true e busi
nesofs th eh istorian.
In ar evolutiownh,e nth ece aselselsosaw c cumulation
of centurbimessts i ntvoo lcaenruipct itohnme,e teoHrairces
and flighatbsov ea raem eaninglcehsasoa sn dl entdh em
selvteosi nfinite caapnrdir comea nticiusnlme sthes ob
servseereth se ma lwaayssp rojecotifoth ness ub-sfromo il
whicthhey cameThe. writerh asso ughnOtt o nltoy an alyse,
but to demino nthsetraimtrove em ent,th ee conomifco rces
ofth e ageth;e imro uldiofn sgo ciaentyd p olitics,o fm en
in themas s andindi vidual men;th epo werful reaction of
CONTENTS
PREF ACE TO THE VINTAGE EDITION vii
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ix:
PROLOGUE 3
I.T heP roperty 6
II. The Owners 27
III. Parliameantnd Property 62
IV. The SDaonm ingMoa sseBse gin 85
V. Andt heP ariMsa sseCso mplete u8
VI.T heR isoef T oussaint 145
VII. TheM ulattToreysa ndF ail 163
VIII.T heW hitSel ave-OwAngearisn 174
IX.T heE xpulsoifot nh eB ritish 199
X. ToussaSienitz tehseP ower 224
XI.T heB lackC onsul 241
XII. TheB ourgeoPisrieep arteoRs e store
Slavery 269
XIII.T heW aro fI ndependence 289
BmLIOGRAPHY 379
APPENDIX: FromT oussaint L'OtuoFv iedretlu re
Castro 391
INDEX 419
PROLOGUE
CHRISTOPHCEORL UMBUSl andfierds int t heN ewW orladt
the islaonfSd a nS alvadaonrda, f ter prGaoides niqnugi red
urgentfloygr o ldT.h en ativReesdI, n diawnesr,ep eace
ablaen df rienadnlddy i rechtiemdt oH aitai l,a rgisel and
(nearalsly a ragseI relanrdi)cth,he ,y s aiidn,t hey ellow
metaHle.s ailteoHd a itiO.n eo fh issh ipbse inwgr ecked,
theH aitiIannd iahnesl pheidm s o willtihnavgtel ryly i ttle
wasl osatn do fth e articlwehsi cthhe yb rougohnts hore
nootn ew ass tolen.
TheS paniatrhdemso ,s atd vancEeudr opeoafnt sh eir
4 THEB LACK]A COBNIS Prologue 5
daya,n nextheed i slacnadl,l ite Hdi spanioalnadt. oo kt he mingaon dm ovedthe re.T o draiwvaey th esep ersistent
backwanradti veusnd ethre iprr otecThteyi oni.n troduced intrudtheer Ssp aniarodrsg anisgerde ahatu natn dk illed
Christianiftoyr.c leadb oinu rm inemsu.r derra,p eb,l ood altlh eb ultlhse cyo ulfidn di no rdetror uitnh cea ttblues i
houndsstr,a ngdei seaasnedsa .r tififciaamli n(eb yt hed e nessT.h eF rencrhe talibaytth eed c ultivatofic oonc oa;
structioonf c ultivatiosnt atrtovh eere bellioTuhse)sa.en d theni ndiagnodc ottAolnr.e athdeyy k newt hes ugar-cane.
otherr equiremoeftn htse h ighceirvili satiorne ducethde Lackicnagp itthale rya idtheed E ngliisshl aonfJd a maica
nativpeo pulafrtioomna ne stimahtaledf -a-mipleIrihoanp,s ands tomloen eayn dz ,ooo NegrForeesn.cB hr,i tainsdh
a millioton 6.0 ,0i0n1 05y ears. Spaniarradisd eadn dc ounter-raanidbd eurndt tot he
LasC asaasD .o minipcarine swti tha c onscientracev, groundb,u int 16gth5eT reaotyf R yswibcektw eeFnr ance
elledt oS paiton p leafdo thre abolioftio nna tivsel avery. andS paigna vthee F renacl he grailg thotth ew esteprna rt
Butwi thoucto ercioofnth e nativheso wco uldth e colony ofth ei slaInn d1.7 3th4ec olonbiesgtastn oc ulticvoaffteee .
existA?l lt hen ativesr eceiavsew da gewsa sChristia nity Thel anwda sf ertilFer,a ncoeff eread g oodm arkeBtu.t
andth eyco uldbe gooChristida ns withoutw orkining the theyw antelda bouIrna. d ditionN egtroo etsh,eb yr ought
mines. whitetsh,ee ngawgheows o,u lbde f reeadf taep re rioofd
The Spanish Govecornmmepnrto misIetda .b olished yearSso.li ttldied theyb rinthge Negrobeesc ause these
ther epartimoirfe onrctleoadsb o,inu rl,a ww hilieta sg ents wereb arbaroorub sl acthka,t t hee arllya wpsr escribed
in thec olomnayi ntaiintine fda cLta.s C asahsa.u ntaetd similar regulaftioobrno st bhl acks lavaensdw hitee ngages.
the prospoefcs te eibnegf ohisr ee yethse totdale struction Butu ndetrh er egimeonf t hosdea ythse whitceosu ld not
ofa p opulawittihoinon n e generhaitont i thoene ,x pedient stanthde climaStoet .h es lavberrosu gmhotr ea ndm ore
ofi mportithneg m orer obuNsetg rofreosm a populous Negroeins n,u mbethrast l eapbtyt housaenvdesr yyear ,
Africa;in 15,1C 7harleVs.a uthorithseee dx poortf 1 5,000 until thed raifnr oAmf ricraa inn tmoi llions.
slavteoSs a nD omingaon,dth usp rieasntdK inlga unched
onth ew orlthde A mericasnl ave-atrnadds el avery.
The Spanisseht tlefmoeunntd bedyC olumbwuass
onth e south-eoafsth te islaInnd1 .6 2s9o mew andering
Frenchmseonu gah hto mein thel ititlsel aonfdT ortuga,
sixm ileosfft hneo rthc oaosftS anD omingtoob, e f ollowed
byE nglishamnednD ,u tchmferno Sma ntCar uzT.o rtuga
wash ealtahnydi nth e foreosftw se steSrann D ominog
roamemdil ilonosfwil d cattlweh iccho ulbde h untefdo r
fooad ndh ideTso.T ortugac amefu gitivefrso m justice,
escapegda lley-sdleabvteousrsn. a blteop ayt heibri lls,
adventurers seekoirnqg U iacfdkov rteunntmeuesrn,oe f al l
crimesa nda lnla tionalFirtieenscB.hri ,ti sahn dS paniards
slaughtoenreae ndo thefro nre alry3 0y earasn,dth eB ritish
weraec tuainl ploys sesosfiT oonr tuagtoa n eti me,b utby
165th9e Frencbhu ccaneeprrse vaiTlheedy.s oughtth e
suzeraoifnF tyr ancaen dd emandead c hieafn ds ome
womenF.r omT ortugtah elya iad firm basiins S anD o-
The Property 1
the slavter affithce, A fricsalna vienA meriwcaa sh appier
thani nh iosw nA fricacni vilisOautristo,on o.i, sa na ge of
propaganWdea e.x ceolu ra ncestoonrlsiy n s ysteamn d
organisatthieolyni :ea ds fl uentalnyda sb razenIlnyt .h e
sixteecnetnht uCreyn,t rAaflr iwcaas a terriotfop reyae c
andh appyc ivilis1a Ttiroand.e trrsa veltlheodu sanodfs
milefsr omo nes idoef t hec ontinteona tn othweirt hout
molestatTjhoetn .r ibwaalr sf romw hicthh eE uropean
piractleasi mteodd e livthepere opwleer mee rseh am-fights;
itw asa greabta ttwlhee nh alf-a-dmoeznwe enr ek illed.
Itw aso na peasanitnrm ya nyr espescutpse rtiootr h e
serfisnl argaer eaosf E uropteh,a tth es lave-tfrealdle.
Triblailfw ea sb rokuenpa ndm illioofdn est ribaAlfirsied
canwse rlee lto ouspeo ena coht heTrh.eu nceasdiensgt ruc
tioonfc roplse td oc annibatlhiscema p;t iwvoem enb ecame
concubiannedds e gradtehdes tatoufts h wei feT.r ibes had
tos upplsyl avoersb es olads sltahveemss elVvieosl.e nce
andf erocity btehcean meec essities faonrd vi sourvival,
lencaen df erOCsiutryv iveTdh.es2 t ockaodfeg sr inning
skultlhseh, u mans acrificthees s,e lloifnth ge irow nc hil
drena ss lavtehse,s heo rrowresr et hep roduocfta ni n
1
tolerable opnrt ehseAs furriec paeno plwehsi,c bhe came
fierctherro ugthh ec enturiaests h ed emandosfi ndustry
TheP roperty increaasnedtd h mee thoodfsc oercwieornpe e rfected.
Thes lavweesr ceo llecitnte hdei nterfiaosrt,e onneed
toth e otheri nc olumnlso,a dewdi thhe avsyt onoefs4 0
or5 0p oundisn weigphrte vteoan ttt empattes s cape, and
themna rchetdh el ong journtehyes etaso,o metihmuens
dredsm iolfe tsh,ew eakyla nds icdkr oppitnog diinte h e
THE SLAVERsSc ourtehdec oasotfsG uineAas.t hedye vas
Africjaunn glSeo.m e webrreo ugthott hec oasbtyc anoe.
tateadna retah emyo vewde stwaarnddt hesno utdhe,c ade
lyinignt heb ottoomfb oatfso rd ayosn e ndt,h eihran ds
aftdeerc adpea,s tth eN igedro,w nt heC ongcoo aspta,s t
boundt,h eifra ceesx posteodt het ropiscuanla ndt he
Loangaon dA ngolrao,u ntdh eC apeo fG oodH opea,n d,
tropicraali nth,e ibra ckisn t hew atewrh icwha sn ever
by1 789e-veans f aars M ozambiqounte h ee astesrindo ef
bailoedu tA.t t hes lavpeo rttsh eyw erep enneidn to
AfricGau.i nerae maintehde cihri ef hugnrtoiunnFgdr .o m
"trunkfso"rth e inspecotfito hneb uyerNsi.g hatn dd ay
thec oastth eoyr ganiesxepde ditfiaorin nst toh ei nterior.
1S eet hew orkosf P rofesEsmoirlT o rd,ao yneo ft hgree atest
Theys etth es imptlrei besfimgehnti nagg ainesatc ohth er Africasnc holoafrh si ts impea,r ticulaa rlleyc dteuUrvee raetd
witmho derwne apoonvs ethro usanodfss quamriel eTsh.e Genevian 1 931t oa s ocieftoyrt heP rotecotifoC nh ildriDe n
Africa.
propaganodfit shtets i mcel aimtehda hto wevcerru ewla s
:IS ee ProfesTsorodra lye'cst muerneti onaebd ove.
