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THE BIBLE AS BOOK
Tf1e He6rew BibCe aru:C tf1e
}udaean Desert Discoveries
-,~
The Dead Sea Scrolls represent probably the
single most significant archaeological find of
modern times. They have revolutionised our
understanding of both the history of the biblical
text and its developing authority during the
period to which both Christianity and rabbinic
Judaism trace their origins. As the publication of
the last scrolls reaches its conclusion, a major
international conference was convened in June
2000 to consider the implications of the Dead Sea
discoveries for our understanding of the Hebrew
Bible. Nineteen leading scholars from eight
countries contributed papers to the conference
representing cutting-edge research on the scrolls.
These have been collected in this volume of The
Bible as Book series.
Some of the papers examine the varying textual
traditions of biblical books around the turn of the
era. Others focus on the ways in which the Bible
was used in the non-biblical scrolls found at
Qumran, whilst others consider the ramifications
of these insights for our understanding of the
history and development of the biblical text and
its authority.
THE BIBLE AS BOOK
THE HEBREW BIBLE AND THE
JUDAEAN DESERT DISCOVERIES
THE BIBLE AS BOOK
THE HEBREW BIBLE AND THE
JUDAEAN DESERT DISCOVERIES
Edited by
EDWARD D. HERBERT & EMANUEL TOV
.
THE BRITISH LIBRARY
& OAK KNOLL PRESS
in association with The Scriptorium:
Center for Christian Antiquities
2002
DEDICATED TO PROF. BASTIAAN VAN ELDEREN
IN RECOGNITION OF HIS ERUDITION AND
UNTIRING ORGANISATIONAL EFFORTS
ON BEHALF OF SCHOLARSHIP
AND
IN MEMORY OF
DR. MARLIN VAN ELDEREN (1949-2.000)
First published 2.002. by
The British Library
96 Euston Road
London NWl 2.DB
Published exclusively in North and South America by
Oak Knoll Press
310 Delaware Street
New Castle
DE 1972.0
In association with
The Scriptorium: Center for Christian Antiquities
PO Box 770
Grand Haven
Michigan 49417-0770
© 2.002. The Contributors
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from
both The British Library and The Library of Congress
ISBN 1-58456-083-5 (Oak Knoll)
ISBN 0-7I2.3-472.6-7 (British Library)
Designed by John Trevitt .
Typeset in England by The Skriptorium, Bristol
Printed in England by St Edmundsbury Press, Bury St Edmunds
CONTENTS
Contributors page vii
List of Illustrations viii
Preface
IX
Edward D. Herbert and Emanuel Tov
Introduction
I
Edward D. Herbert and Emanuel Tov
Part I: Canonical Development
The Crystallization of the 'Canon of Hebrew Scriptures' in the Light of Biblical
Scrolls from Qumran 5
Shemaryahu Talmon
The Status of the Biblical Texts in the Qumran Corpus and the Canonical Process l.I
Armin Lange
Part IT: Rewritten Scriptures at Qumran
The Rewritten Law, Prophets and Psalms: Issues for Understanding the Text of
the Bible 3
1
George J. Brooke
The Wording of Biblical Citations in Some Rewritten Scriptural Works 41
James C. VanderKam
The Enochic Literature and the Bible: Intertextuality and its Implications 57
Philip S. Alexander
Part 1lI: The Bible as Used and Quoted in the Non-Biblical Texts from Qumran
Biblical Quotations in the Pesharim and the Text of the Bible - Methodological
Considerations 7
1
Timothy H. Lim
Biblical Quotations in the Community Rule 81
Sarianna Metso
The Cave 4 Damascus Document Manuscripts and the Text of the Bible 93
Eibert Tigchelaar
v
Contents
Biblical Quotations and Allusions in 4QApocryphai :Lamentations (4QI79) 113
. Jesper H0genhaven
4Q Tales of the Persian Court (4Q550a-e) and its Relation to Biblical Royal
Courtier Tales, especially Esther, Daniel and Joseph I21
Sidnie White Crawford
. Part IV: Text and Textual Criticism in the Light of the Qumran Discoveries
The Biblical Texts from the Judaean Desert - an Overview and Analysis of
the Published Texts 139
Emanuel Tov
The Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible before and after the Qumran
Discoveries 167
Arie van der Kooi;
The Absence of 'Sectarian Variants' in the Jewish Scriptural Scrolls Found at
Qumran 179
Eugene Ulrich
a
The Kaige Recension of Samuel: Light from 4QSam 197
Edward D. Herbert
a
Unique Readings in 4QSam 209
Donald W. Parry
IQIsaB and IQIsab: a Rematch 22.1
Martin G. Abegg, Jr.
The Book of Isaiah in the Dead Sea Scrolls 22.9
Peter W. Flint
Part V: The Qumran Biblical Texts Today
Textual Influence of the Qumran Scrolls on English Bible Versions 253
Stephen C. Daley
Text, Truth and Tradition: the Public's View of the Bible in the Light of the
Dead Sea Scrolls 2.89
Harold P. Scanlin
Abbreviations 301
Bibliography 305
Index of Ancient Texts 32.7
General Index 353
vi
CONTRIBUTORS
MARTIN G. ABEGG JR, Trinity Western University
PHILIP S. ALEXAND ER, University of Manchester
G E 0 R G E J. B ROO K E, University of Manchester
5 I D N lEW HIT E eRA W FOR D, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
5 T E P HEN C. D ALE Y, Wycliffe Bible Translators
PETER W. FLINT, Trinity Western University
ED WAR D D. HER B E R T, International Christian College, Glasgow
JESPER H0 G ENH A VEN, University of Copenhagen
ARM I N LAN G E, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
TIM 0 THY H. LIM, University of Edinburgh
5 ARIA NN A METSO, Albion College
o
R L A IT H O' 5 U L L I V AN, formerly The Scriptorium: Center for Christian Antiquities
DON A L D W. PAR R Y, Brigham Young University
HA R OLD P. 5 CA NLIN, United Bible Societies
5 HEM A R YAH UTA L M 0 N, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
EI BER T TIG CH E LAA R, Groningen University
EMANUEL Tov, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
EUGENE ULRICH, University of Notre Dame
JAMES C. VANDERKAM, University of Notre Dame
ARIE VAN DER KOOI1, Leiden University
VII
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
(reproduced between pages 166 and 167)
I. Large Isaiah Scroll (IQlsa3), col XLIII (Isa 51:13-S2:12). Qumran, c. 12S-IOO
BCE. Israel Museum, Jerusalem
2. Manual of Discipline (IQS), cols IV-V. Qumran, 1st century CE (1M photo 7IOS).
Israel Museum, Jerusalem
3. 4QSamue13, cols II-III. Qumran, c. 2S-S0 BCE (PAM photograph 43.122). Israel
Antiquities Authority
4. 4QReworked PentateuchC (4Q36S), frgs 6a i-ii and 6b (PAM photograph 43.373).
Israel Antiquities Authority
S. 4QDamascus Document3 (4Q266), frg. 6 i-ii (PAM photograph 43.272). Israel
Antiquities Authority
6. 4QEnochb ar (4Q202, PAM photograph 43.2°3), col II, lines 24-29 and col III,
lines 1-8. Israel Antiquities Authority
b
7· 4QEnoch ar (4Q202, PAM photograph 43.2°3), col III, lines 9-16 and col IV.
Israel Antiquities Authority
8. 4QTaies of the Persian Courta-e ar also named 4QprotoEsthera-e (4QS SO, 4QS Soa-e;
PAM photograph 43.S8S). Israel Antiquities Authority
viii
PREFACE
IT ALL BEGAN at Masada, and in the nearby Scriptorium, on a cold day in the autumn
of 1998. It was here that the decision was made to dedicate a special conference in the
year 2000 to the texts found in the Judaean Desert. There was no better place to decide
upon such a special conference than on the heights of Masada and at a rectangular table
in the nearby Scriptorium. At this point, the reader must be wondering whether a
scriptorium was discovered at all close to Masada, and also whether there are ever any
cold days at that location in the autumn. In fact, the Masada being referred to is not a
barren location overlooking the Dead Sea, but rather a luxurious mansion in Grand
Haven, USA, overlooking the beautiful Lake Michigan. This Scriptorium is not the
famed location in which, according to modern myth, the Qumran 'monks' penned their
scrolls or a hitherto unknown scrip tori urn at Masada, but rather a nearby building
housing the Van Kampen Collection of biblical manuscripts and early printed books.
These buildings were so named by the late Robert D. Van Kampen, the founder and
spiritual father of The Scriptorium: Center for Christian Antiquities. The idea for the
conference was also his, and the general concept was worked out in 1998 by Robert
Van Kampen and Emanuel Tov. The venue was to be Hampton Court in
Herefordshire, England, a place where five similar conferences had been held
previously on related topics.
The setting could not have been more beautiful; a fifteenth-century Herefordshire
manor house in which the air was filled with the sounds of fine music, and beautiful
flower arrangements graced the rooms. At this location, surrounded by woods and
farms and far from major universities, the congress attendees discussed the enigma of
many a Qumran scroll while walking in the man-made labyrinth of shrubs in the castle
gardens, in the woods, or in the fields among the cows.
The spirit behind the meeting was the Executive Director of The Scriptorium, Prof.
Bastiaan Van Elderen, a retired Professor of Calvin College, Michigan. Bastiaan's many
activities - including his yearly excavations in Wadi Natrun, Egypt, the meetings he
organises at the annual Society of Biblical Literature conferences, and the two-year
preparations for this conference - belie his status as a retiree. He worked out the
framework of the meeting, together with Emanuel Tov and Dr Orlaith O'Sullivan,
Curator of the Van Kampen Foundation, and dealt with all the details pertaining to
the invitation of twenty scholars from eight countries, together with other specialists
who did not read papers. Over the course of time, hundreds of email messages
travelled through cyberspace, often on a daily basis, from Grand Haven to Jerusalem
and other places. The week before the meeting, when everything was already arranged,
Bas shared with us the news of the sudden and tragic death on 12th June of his son,
Marlin. Bas was of course unable to attend the conference, and our thoughts were
with him throughout.
ix
