Table Of ContentTT BB SS RR
hhee aallTTiicc eeaa eeggiioonn
CCuullttuurreess,, PPoolliittiiccss,, SSoocciieettiieess
EEddiittoorr WWiittoolldd MMaacciieejjeewwsskkii
A Baltic University Publication
T B
he alTic
S R
ea egion
C , P ,
ultures olitiCs
s
oCieties
Editor Witold Maciejewski
The Baltic Sea Region
Cultures, PolitiCs, soCieties
Editor
Witold Maciejewski
Dept of Scandinavian and Baltic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University
al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, Poland
[email protected]
Editorial Assistant
Dominika Skrzypek
Dept of Scandinavian and Baltic Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University
al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań, Poland
[email protected]
Project Leader
Lars Rydén
The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University
Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
[email protected]
Proof reading: Douglas Harrison, Aberfoyle, Scotland
Drawings: Małgorzata Sheiki-Bińkowska or as indicated
Maps: Radosław Przebitkowski or as indicated
Layout and design: Ad Rem, Waldemar Pluta, Poznań
Financer: The Swedish Institute, Sweden
Project coordination: The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University
Production: Ad Rem, Poznań
First edition: August 2002
© The Baltic University Press, Uppsala 2002
ISBN 91-973579-8-7
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 2
Abbreviations 3
Introduction – how to study a region 5
Part A: The Cultural Landscape:
History, Culture and Languages 43
Section I: HISTORY 45
Section II: CULTURE 9
Section III: LANGUAGE AND MULTILINGUAL SOCIETIES 227
Part B: The Political Landscape:
Democracy, Multi-ethnicity and International Relations 277
Section IV: DEMOCRACY 279
Section V: MAJORITY AND MINORITY CULTURES 37
Section VI: PEACE AND SECURITY 43
Part C: The Social Landscape:
Social Conditions and Economic Development 485
Section VII: SOCIAL CONDITIONS 487
Section VIII: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 585
The Authors 665
Index 667
The Atlas of the BSR I-VII
The BalTic Sea Region
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Witold Maciejewski
The Baltic Sea Region – Culture, Societies, Politics is the first textbook on a European macroregion, as seen from
the perspective of humanities. The authors give a holistic, cross-disciplinary view on the countries around the
Baltic, their common history, cultural and social development, politics and economy.
The textbook conveys a general understanding of the societies in the region, emerging democracies, and
forming new relations between new and old states. It constitutes the main reading for a university course
offered by the Baltic University Programme, coordinated at Uppsala University.
The point of departure for this book was the revision of the series of booklets Peoples of the Baltic pro-
duced in the early 990s. However, intensive and close discussions on the changing Baltic world provoked
new questions concerning the new deal in our part of Europe and resulted in the new book. Fifty-five authors,
active within the BUP-network, have contributed with articles and essays on subjects considered relevant
for studies on the region.
The editor takes this opportunity to thank all the co-editors and authors, and especially Lars Rydén
(Uppsala). His encouragement and competent suggestions have influenced both the contents and the final
form of this book.
The editorial work has been done at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The assistant editor,
Dominika Skrzypek, has gone through all the texts asking questions from the point of view of a student and
demanding changes in order to make the book adequate for students. Vice-rector of this university prof.
Bronisław Marciniak, as well as prof. Eugeniusz Rajnik, the head of the Department of Scandinavian and
Baltic Studies, have offered substantial help supporting two international conferences organized in Poznań in
years 998 and 200 for BUP researchers and teachers. Douglas Harrison has proofread the manuscript with
excellency not being afraid of scrutinizing some of the theses on social development. Konstantin Balandin
and Galina Parfenova (both from Minsk) have contributed with relevant statistical data on education and
minorities in Belarusan language. Magnus Lehman and Fredrik Degerbeck (Uppsala) have provided much
technical assistance. Ms Mariola Abkowicz has rendered the manuscript in Karaim language accessible for
Henryk Jankowski (see his study on page 274).
On behalf of Klaus Meyer and Camilla Jensen (chapter 48) I would like to thank their colleagues at
Copenhagen Business School, especially Lars Ohnemus, for helpful comments. The Spectre case has been
written on the basis of a class project by cand.merc. students Anne Hjort, Anne Dorthe Beck-Nielsen,
Caroline Axen, Cecilie Vinther and Vicki Rasmussen (IB 42 ‘International Business in Emerging Markets’,
Copenhagen Business School, Spring 200, class teacher Klaus Meyer). CEO Evald Klausen approved the
case for publication. The SCHOUW case is based on an interview with the Polish CEO Edward Zakrzewski
in 997. Market Manager Henrik Jensen from SCHOUW Packing A/S approved this case for publication.
I gratefully acknowledge the invaluable work, done by my colleagues at 25 Baltic universities, collectively
creating the manifold panorama of the region we live in.
The BalTic Sea Region
2 Acknowledgements
ABBREVIATIONS
ABM Anti-ballistic missile (missile defence EVS European Value Study
against intercontinental ballistic missiles) FDI Foreign Direct Investment
B7 Islands of the Baltic Sea GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
BaltSeaNet Baltic Sea Area Studies: Northern GDI Gender Development Index
Dimension of Europe GDP Gross Domestic Product
BCCA Baltic Sea Chambers of Commerce GEM Gender Empowerment Measure
Association GIWA Global Initiative for Water Assessment
BEEGS Baltic and East European Graduate HDI Human Development Index
School HELCOM The Baltic Marine Environment
BIP Baltic Investment Programme Protection Commission – the Helsinki
BOD biochemical oxygen demand Commission
BSBS Baltic Sea Business Summit HELCOM-PITF Project Implementation Task Force
BSR Baltic Sea Region IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction
BSSSC Baltic Sea States Sub-regional Council and Development
BUP Baltic University Programme ICBM Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles
BW Biological weapons IDA International Development Association
CBM Confidence-building measures IMF The International Monetary Fund
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States INF Intermediate range Nuclear Forces
CBW Chemical and biological weapons INGOs International Non-Governmental
CCB Coalition Clean Baltic Organizations
CEECs Central and Eastern European countries ISPA Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-
CFE conventional armed forces in Europe Accession
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy KOR Komitet Obrony Robotników,
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States Committee for Defense of Workers
CPMR Council of Peripheral Maritime Regions M(B)FR Mutual (and Balanced) Force Reductions
CSBM Confidence and Security Building MAD Mutually assured destruction (deterrence
Measures based capacity of each super-power to
CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation destroy the other)
in Europe (Helsinki 975) MIC military-industrial complex
CTB(T) Comprehensive Test Ban (Treaty); (nucle- MNE multinational enterprise
ar weapons) NACC North Atlantic Co-Operation Council
CW Chemical weapons NAFTA North American Free Trade Association
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Development NDF Nordic Development Fund
EC European Community NEFCO Nordic Environment Finance Corpora-
EEC European Economic Community tion
EFTA European Free Trade Association NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
EIB European Investment Bank NIB Nordic Investment Bank
ESPAD The European School Survey Project on NKF Nordic Arts Centre, Nordisk
Alcohol and Other Drugs Kunstcentrum
EU European Union NOMUS Nordic Music Committee
EÜE the Estonian Students Building Troops NOPEF Nordic Project Export Fund
The BalTic Sea Region
Abbreviations 3
NORDICOM Nordic Council for Scientific SDI Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’
Information and Research (Nordisk programme, USA, launched 983)
Dokumentationscentral for Masskommun SLBM Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile
ikationsforskning) START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (US-
NORDOK Nordic Council of Scientific and USSR negotiations beginning in 982;
Technical Documentation START I agreement signed 99, START
NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty (nuclear weap- II between USA and Russia in 993)
ons) TACIS Technical Assistance to the
NWFZ Nuclear Weapons Free Zone R&D Commonwealth of Independent States
Research and Development TBN Trans-Baltic Network
OSCE Organisation on Security and Co-opera- UBC Union of the Baltic Cities
tion in Europe UNCED United Nations’ Conference on
PES Public Employment Services Environment and Development
PFP Partnership for Peace UNDP United Nations Development Programme
PHARE Poland and Hungary Assistance to the UNEP United Nations’ Environmental
Reconstruction of the Economy Programme
PPP Purchasing Power Parity VASAB Vision and Strategies Around the Baltic
SALT Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (SALT I Sea 200
and II) VAT Value Added Tax
SAMNAM Nordic Amateur Music Co-operation WHO World Health Organisation
Council WTO World Trade Organization
SAPARD Special Accession Programme for Agricul- WVS World Value Survey
ture and Rural Development WW I World War I
Sberbank Russia’s central bank WW II World War II
SCANDOC Scandinavian Documentation Centre
INTERNET LINKS
Baltic University Programme.
http://www.balticuniv.uadm.uu.se/
The Baltic Sea Area Studies: Northern Dimension of Europe.
http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/BaltSeaNet
The Baltic Sea Region Studies at University of Turku.
http://www.utu.fi/hum /tdk/english/baltic/
The BalTic Sea Region
4 Abbreviations, Internet Links
Introduction – how to study a region
Figure 1. Photo: Katarzyna Skalska
INTRODUCTION – HOW TO STUDY A REGION
The Baltic Sea Region and the relevance of regional approaches
Lars Rydén 7
1. How the word “region” is used 7
2. How water can define a region 9
3. The Baltic Sea region 10
4. Three ways to study a region 13
5. The origin of the Baltic Sea region – state formation and development
of democracy 15
. The present political scene – co-operation increases 17
7. The Baltic Sea region as a security region 18
8. Economic regional development 20
9. Economic regions 21
10. Regional development as spatial planning and sustainability 23
11. The environment of the Baltic Sea region 25
12. Resource use 2
13. Epilogue – regionalisation as part of globalisation 27
References 29
On the emergence of the Baltic Sea region and the reading
of the book Witold Maciejewski 30
1. Culture and territory or how do regions get to the world? 30
2. Defining the Baltic Sea region (the BSR) 32
3. Diversity 33
4. Rethinking the BSR in cross-disciplinary perspectives 34
5. Ground zero? 40
IntroductIon – how to study a regIon
Contents
The Baltic Sea Region and
the relevance of regional approaches
Lars Rydén
The Baltic Sea Region and the relevance of regional approaches
Lars Rydén 7
1. How the word “region” is used 7
2. How water can define a region 9
3. The Baltic Sea region 10
4. Three ways to study a region 13
5. The origin of the Baltic Sea region – state formation and development
of democracy 15
. The present political scene – co-operation increases 17 1. How the word “region” is used
7. The Baltic Sea region as a security region 18
8. Economic regional development 20
This book is about a region, and how to study a region. A particular region, the Baltic Sea
9. Economic regions 21
10. Regional development as spatial planning and sustainability 23 region, is in focus but there is also the general issue of how to understand the development
11. The environment of the Baltic Sea region 25 in and of a region. How should such a study be done? Are there general tools for understand-
12. Resource use 2
ing regions that we want to apply? What constitutes a region, and the process of regional
13. Epilogue – regionalisation as part of globalisation 27
development?
References 29 The concept of region is used mainly in two ways. Firstly a region may be a part of a state,
that is a county or perhaps a province. We then refer to an area where the inhabitants com-
On the emergence of the Baltic Sea region and the reading mute to work and study, and conduct more or less daily trips to buy goods or services, and
of the book Witold Maciejewski 30 where there is a considerable economic interaction. The concept of regional policy mostly
1. Culture and territory or how do regions get to the world? 30 refers to this and is below state but above city or municipality level.
2. Defining the Baltic Sea region (the BSR) 32 The word region is also used to denote an area that consists of several states or parts of
3. Diversity 33 states. This concept of inter- or multinational regions is the one used below.
4. Rethinking the BSR in cross-disciplinary perspectives 34
The traditional concept of regional geography is relevant here but far from sufficient. We
5. Ground zero? 40
will need to look at regions in many ways – their landscapes and environments, their societ-
ies and their histories, the people living there, the economies and so on. These pictures will
together form a richer image of what a region is, why we talk about and think in terms of
regions and how we prefer to constitute regions. Below, we will compare the Baltic Sea region
with regions in other parts of the world, and thereby put our own region in perspective.
It should be mentioned here that not everyone accepts the concept of a Baltic
Sea Region. The argument seems to be that it is too diverse, has too little internal con-
tacts, that communality is lacking, and that therefore there are really no reasons to call
this a region. It is certainly true that the present generation inhabiting the region do not
know each other well at all and thus did not realise that they belonged to a Baltic Sea
region as such. I will, however, argue here that this is not in itself an absolute criterion of
presence or absence of regionality, and that there are many other ways to see the relevance
of regions. Instead, we may in general point to the need to give the world some structure to
understand it, a structure which tells us of which parts it consists.
IntroductIon – how to study a regIon
The Baltic Sea Region and the relevance of regional approaches 7
