The Annals and Magazine of Natural History

74 Pages·2009·4.33 MB·English

by  William Jardine

T R A N S A C T I O NS
OF THE
CONNECTICUT ACADEMT
OF
A R TS AND S C I E N C E S.
V O L U ME I I.
N EW H A V E N:
P U B L I S H ED BY T HE A C A D E MY
PRINTED BT TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR.
1871 TO 1873
C O N T E N TS OF V O L. I I, P A RT 1.
P A GE
*
L I ST OF A D D I T I O NS TO T HE L I B R A R Y, 1
C.
A R T. I . — N O T I CE OF T HE C R U S T A C EA C O L L E C T ED BY P R O F.
F. H A R TT ON T HE COAST OF B R A Z IL IN 1867. BY S I D N EY
1
I. S M I T H, . .
L I ST OF T HE D E S C R I B ED S P E C I ES OF B R A Z I L I AN P O D O P I I-
THALMIA, 31
I I . — ON
A R T, T HE G E O L O GY OF T HE N EW I I A Y EN R E G I O N,
W I TH S P E C I AL R E F E R E N CE TO T HE O l l I G IN OF SOME OF ITS
T O P O G R A P H I C A L, F E A T U R E S. BY J A M ES D. D A N A, 45
I,
I I I . — N O T ES
A R T. ON A M E R I C AN C R U S T A C E A, N O. O C Y P O D-
O I D E A. BY S I D N EY I. S M I T H, .. 113
I V — ON
A RT SOME A L L E G ED S P E C I M E NS OF I N D I AN O N O M A T O
POEIA. BY J. H A M M O ND T R U M B U L L, __ 17V
V — ON
A RT T HE M O L L U S C AN F A U NA OF T HE L A T ER T E R T I A RY
OF P E R U, BY E. T. N E L S O N, 186
C O N T E N TS OF V O L. TT, P A RT 2.
L I ST OF A D D I T I O NS TO T HE L I B R A R Y, v
V I . — ON
A R T. T HE D I R E C T I ON AND F O R CE OF T HE W I N D, W I TH
T HE F A LL OF R A IN AND S N O W, AT W A L L I N G F O U D, C O N
N E C T I C U T, F R OM O B S E R V A T I O NS M A DE BY B E N J A M IN F.
H A R R I S O N, M . D ., A ND R E D U C ED BY F R A N C IS E. L O O M I S,
P H . D ., 209
V I I . — D E S I GN
A R T. F OR A B R I D GE ACROSS T HE E A ST R I V E R,
N EW Y O R K, AT B L A C K W E L L 'S I S L A N D. BY W I L L I AM P.
T R O W B R I D G E, 2G3
V I I I . — ON
A R T. T HE M E AN D I R E C T I ON A ND F O R CE OF T HE
W I ND AT N EW H A V E N, C O N N. ; F R OM AN E X T E N D ED S E
R I ES OF O B S E R V A T I O NS R E D U C ED BY F R A N C IS E. L O O M I S,
P H . D .,
iv C O N T E N T S.
P A GE
I X . — N O T ES
A R T. ON T HE G E O L O GY OF T HE I S L A ND OF Y E S S O,
J A P A N, F R OM O B S E R V A T I O NS M A DE IN 1862. BY W. P.
B L A K E, 293
A R T. X . — C O M P A R I S ON OF T HE M U S C L ES OF T HE C H E L O N I AN
A ND H U M AN S H O U L D E R - G I R D L E S. BY H E N RY S. W I L L I A M S, 301
A R T. X L — G R A P H I C AL M E T H O DS IN T HE T H E R M O D Y N A M I CS OF
F L U I D S. BY J. W I L L A RD G I B B S, _. 309
X I I . — L I ST
A R T. OF M A R I NE A L G .E C O L L E C T ED N E AR E A S T-
P O R T, M A I N E, IN A U G U ST A ND S E P T E M B E R, 1873, IN CON
N E C T I ON W I TH T HE W O RK OF T HE U. S. F I SH C O M M I S S I ON
U N D ER P R O F. S. F. B A I R D. BY D A N I EL C. E A T O N, 343
X I I I . — T HE
A R T. E A R LY S T A G ES OF T HE A M E R I C AN L O B S T ER
(Ho mar as A merit* anus E d w a r d s ). I. 351
BY S I D N EY S M I T H,
X I V . —A
A R T. M E T H OD OF G E O M E T R I C AL R E P R E S E N T A T I ON
OF T HE T H E R M O D Y N A M IC P R O P E R T I ES OF S U B S T A N C ES BY
M E A NS OF S U R F A C E S. BY J. W I L L A RD G I B B S, 382
T R A N S A C T I O NS
OF THE
C O M E C T I C UT ACADEMY
OF
A R TS A N D. S C I E N C E S.
V O L. I I, P A KT 1.
N E AY H A V E N:
P U B L I S H ED BY T HE A C A D E MY
PRINTED BY TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR.
1870.
C O N T E N T S.
P A G E.
*
L I ST OF A D D I T I O NS TO T HE L I B R A R Y, I
C.
A R T. I . — N O T I CE OF T HE C R U S T A C EA C O L L E C T ED BY P R O F.
F. I I A R TT OX T HE COAST OF B R A Z IL IN 1861. BY S I D X EY
1
I. S M I T H,
L I ST OF T HE D E S C R I B ED S P E C I ES OF B R A Z I L I AN P O D O P H-
31
T H A L M I A,
I I . — Ox
A R T. T HE G E O L O GY OF T HE N EW I I A Y EX R E G I O X,
AVITII S P E C I AL R E F E R E N CE TO T HE O R I G IN OF SOME OF ITS
T O P O G R A P H I C AL F E A T U R E S. BY J A M ES D. D A NA 45
I,
I I I . — N O T ES
A R T. ON A M E R I C AN C R U S T A C E A, N O. O C Y P O D-
O I D E A. BY S I D N EY I. S M I T H, 113
I V . — Ox
A R T. SOME A L L E G ED S P E C I M E NS OF I N D I AN O N O M A T O
POEIA. BY J. H A M M O ND T R U M B U L L, 17T
V . — ON
A R T. T HE M O L L U S C AX P\YUXA OF T HE L A T ER T E R T I A RY
OF P E R U. BY E. T. N E L S O X, 186
E li li A T A.
age 1, line 13, for "Flordia," read Florida.
" 11, " 33, '* " immargination," read emargination.
a ki
" 16, 26, " spistome," read epistome.
u u
31, " IS, "Podopthalmia" read Podophthalmia.
u
" 33, 9, " " Eucrtte^ read Eucrate.
u
35, last line but one, for " margin," read margins.
" 106, line 4, from foot, for "Norton Street," read Blake Street.
" 108, " 11, " " " twenty rods," read twenty-one rods.
" 118, " 11, for "styiferus," read styliferus.
a
" 138, 11, " " immargination," read emargination.
" 139, " 11, " " immarginate," read emarginate.
" 133, first line of foot note, for " is marked 3," read is marked 3**.
u
" 162, above Euryplax," insert
CARCINOPLACIDXE.
u
" 18s, line 8, for spinosus," read spinosum.
u
" 197, " 31, "palpaster," read polpaster.
u
343, in title of paper, for " 1873," read 1872.
" 343, under No. 5, for " varible," read variable.
" 346, No. 24, line 7. for "Montague," read Montagne.
" 348, No. 44, for " Euteromorpha," read Enteromorpha.
J
I.
¥ 1 1 . — N O T ES
OX AMERICAN CRUSTACEA. BY S I D N EY SMITH
N O. I. OcYPODOIDEA.
Read, December 15th, 1869.
T i ns article, which is intended as one of a series, is chiefly made up
of notes and descriptions resulting from t he s t u dy of t he higher Amer
ican Crustacea in t he Museum of Yale College and t he collection of
t he P e a b o dy A c a d e my of Science. Mention is made only of those
species of which I have examined specimens and in regard to which
there are some new or unpublished facts to offer, except where men
tion of such species seemed needful for t he proper u n d e r s t a n d i ng of
new or imperfectly described forms. In the genus Gelasimus^ I have
departed somewhat from this course and have given t he principal
facts known to me, whether published or not, in r e g a rd to all t he
American species. I have not a t t e m p t ed to a r r a n ge the groups ac
cording to any zoological system, b ut have merely taken up t he fami
lies as convenience suggested.
All specimens referred to, unless otherwise stated, are in the collec
tions of t he Museum of Yale College.
F a m i l y, OcYroDiD^E.
G - e l a s i m uS Latreille.
T he species of this genus, like most terrestrial crabs, seem to have
been neglected by collectors. This fact, t o g e t h er with t he difficulty
of distinguishing the species from females or y o u ng specimens, and
t he impossibility of determining, from the descriptions and figures
alone, what species many of t he older a u t h o rs h ad in view, has led to
much confusion in the synonymy. Even some of the modern authors
have published very imperfect descriptions of numerous closely allied
species, neglecting to mention the form and ornamentation of the car-
apax or ambulatory legs, which give some of t he best characters for
distinguishing t he species.
T he genus, as at present constituted, is chiefly characterized by the
enormously unequal development of the chelipeds in t he male. This
unsymmetrical development is not however confined to the chelipeds,
b ut extends to almost every p a rt of t he animal. The carapax, in every
species which I have examined, is more or less one-sided, the antero-
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. II. 8 MARCH, 1870.
114 S, J, Smith on American Crustacea.
lateral angle being more developed on t he side of t he larger cheliped.
T he ocular peduncle also is usually longer on this side, and in some
species is terminated by a slender stylet. This ocular stylet is quite
r e m a r k a b l e, and appears to be a constant and i m p o r t a nt character of
several species. Desmarest mentions it in a species which he de
scribes u n d er t he much misapplied name of vocans, b ut his descrip
tion would imply t h at it was found upon both sides, E d w a r d s, in his
description of G. styliferus^ mentions it, and it is repx*esented in his
figures, b ut his words also imply t h at it was not confined to one side.
In E d w a r d s' Histoire naturelle des Crustaces, tome ii, p, 50, however,
there is t he following foot n o t e : —" An moment de m e t t re cette feuille
sous p r e s s e; je re§ois de M. T. Bell la communication d'un fait que je
ne puis passer sous silence, Quelques Gelasimes presentent, a un cer
tain age, sinon toujours, un stylet a T e x t r e m i te du pedoncule oculaire
du cote de la grosse pinee, tandis que Pceil du cote oppose conserve
toujours la forme o r d i n a i r e ." This observation of Bell agrees with
my on quite a number of specimens of t wo species described be
OAVII
yond, and it is quite probable t h at this is a l w a ys t he case.
T he described species of Gelasinms, as limited by E d w a r ds and
other a u t h o r s, form t wo very n a t u r al and distinct g r o u p s, which
should perhaps be recognized as genera, b ut upon which, for t he pur
poses of t he present paper, it is not necessary to impose new names.
In t he first g r o up t he front is contracted b e t w e en t he ocular pedun
cles so t h at t h e ir bases approach very closely, and t he peduncles them
selves are very long a nd slender. This includes E d w a r d s' section A,
in which the front is spatulate, and p r o b a b ly also, all of his section B,
in which t he front is v e ry n a r r ow between t he eyes b ut not s p a t u l a t e.
In some of t he species t he meral segments of the a m b u l a t o ry legs are
armed with sharp spines, and with these species I h a ve united the ge
nus Acanthoplax.
In t he second g r o u p, which corresponds with t he section C of Ed
w a r d s, t he front is b r o ad and evenly arcuate, and t he bases of t he
ocular peduncles are t h us separated by quite a broad space. T he
peduncles themselves are much shorter t h an in t he species of t he other
section. T he species are mostly small and exhibit a remarkable uni
formity in general appearance, so t h at it is difficult to distinguish
t h em without careful study.
A single species, described beyond, differs from both these groups,
in h a v i ng t he male abdomen only five-jointed and not narrowed at
t he second segment. T he carapax is transverse and very little con
t r a c t ed behind. This species is evidently t he t y pe of a t h i rd very
distinct group.
f
S. L Smith on American Crustacea.
1 15
The number of American species now known is quite large. E d
wards, in his review of t he Ocypodoidea in t he Annales des Sciences
naturelle for 1852, enumerates, including his Acanthoplax insignis,
eight species as appertaining to America. In 1855 Major LeConte
described another species (G. minax), and in 1859-60 Dr. Stimpson
added three others. In the following pages nine more are described,
making in all twenty-one species known in the American faunae. Of
t he species which I have personally examined none are common to t he
east and t he west coast. E d w a r d s, however, mentions one species
(G. stenodactylus) as occurring in Chili and Brazil, b ut even in t h is
instance there m ay have been some mistake. T he following list will
illustrate t he distribution of t he species on the two coasts. T he local
ities from which I have examined specimens are followed by an !.
ATLANTIC COAST. PACIFIC COAST
SECTION A.
G. heterophthalmus, nov.
Central America!
G. styliferus E d w a r d s.
Ecuador.
G. heteropleiiras, nov.
Central America!
G. platy dactylus E d w a r d s. G. princeps, nov.
Guiana. Central America!
G. maracoani Latreille. G. armatus, nov.
Central America!
Guiana, Brazil.
G. ornatus, nov.
Central America!
G. insicpiis ( E d w a r d s, sp.)
Chili.
SECTION B.
G. %>alustris E d w a r d s.
Antilles.
G. minax LeConte. G. brevifrons Stimpson.
Long Island Sound to Florida! Cape St. Lucas I
G. pugnax, nov. G. macrodactylus E d w. et Lucas.
Long Island Sound to the W. Indies! Chili.
G. rapax, nov.
Aspinwall!
G. mordax, nov.
Brazil!
G. pngilator Latreille. G. stenodactylus E d w. et Lucas
Massachusetts to Florida! Chili.
G. sub-cylindricus Stimpson. G. Panamensis Stimpson.
Matamoras on the Rio Grande! Panama!
SECTION C.
G. gibbosus, nov.
Central America!
116 S. T. Smith on American Crustacea.
A.—Species in which all the sejments of the abdomen are separated by distinct articula
tions,, and in which the front is very much contracted between the bases of "the ocular
peduncles and somewhat spatulate in form.
G e l a s i m us h e t e r o p h t h a l m u s, sp. nov.
a
P l a te I I, figure 6, 6 . P l a te I I I, figure 1 - 1\
Male. The carapax is somewhat quadrilateral in outline, b ut t he
antero-lateral angle on the side of t he larger cheliped is much produced
laterally, so t h at the orbit is much longer on t h at side t h an on t he
other and t he lateral b o r d er s t r o n g ly divergent. The dorsal surface
is smooth and shining, and convex l o n g i t u d i n a l ly b ut not at all late
rally. T he branchial regions are very slightly swollen, scarcely high
er t h an t he gastric and cardiac regions, and are separated from t h em
by slightly marked sulci. The front is spatulate, contracted b e t w e en
t he bases of t he ocular peduncles and much expanded below. The
superior b o r d er of the orbit is much excavated at t he base of t he ocu
lar peduncle, and strongly arcuate in t he middle, and has a v e ry slight
ly upturned and entire margin. T he antero-lateral angle on the side
of the smaller cheliped, is a n g u l ar b ut does not project either anteri
orly or laterally, while on t he side of t he l a r g er cheliped it is b r o a d,
obtuse and projects very much laterally, as described above. T he
lateral margin is obtuse and its posterior p a rt only is indicated by a
faint granulous line. The upper p a rt of t he inferior branchial region
is oblique, flat and very smooth, and is separated from the lower por
tion by a sliglitly raised line r u n n i ng straiglit from t he antero-lateral
angle to the base of t he t h i rd pair of a m b u l a t o ry legs. T he inferior
border of t he orbit is denticulate with minute, flattened a nd t r u n c a te
teeth. The iu<2jal regions are smooth and shining.
T he ocular peduncles are r a t h er slender, s l i g h t ly enlarged at the
cornea, and t he one on t he side of t he larger cheliped is consider
ably t he longer and is t e r m i n a t ed beyond t he cornea by a very slen
der filiform stylet, much longer than the peduncle itself, and sliglitly
flattened and expanded at t he tip. There is no trace of a terminal
stylet on t he peduncle of t he other side.
In t he larger cheliped, t he anterior surface of t he merus is smooth,
n a r r o w ly t r i a n g u l ar in outline and considerably convex, t he inferior
margin is sharp and denticulate, and t he superior margin is armed
with a slight crest which is v e ry low a nd entire for most of its length
b ut quite high, and in some specimens sliglitly dentate, at its distal
extremity. T he carpus is short and its upper surface is slightly ver-
rucose. The basal portion of t he propodus is rounded and coarsely
i*