Seymour Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 6th Edition (Undergraduate Chemistry, 16) (Undergraduate Chemistry Series)

952 Pages·2003·6.75 MB·English

Sepour/Carraher's
Polymer
Chemistry
Sixth Edition
Revised and Expanded
Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
College of Science
Florida Atlantic University

Boca Raton, and
Florida Center for Environmental Studies
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, U.S.A.
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UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY
A Series of Textbooks
Edited by
J. J. LAGOWSKI
Department of Chemistry
The University of Texas at Austin
1. Modern Inorganic Chemistry, J. J. Lagowski
2. Modern Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Harold F. Walton and Jorge
Reyes
3. Problems in Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Henry O. Daley,
Jr., and Robert F. O'Malley
4 Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Paul C. Hiemenz
5. Principles of Solution and Solubility, Kozo Shinoda, translated in collaboration with
Paul Becher
6. Physical Chemistry: A Step-by-Step Approach, M. K. Kemp
7. Numerical Methods in Chemistry, K. Jeffrey Johnson
8. Polymer Chemistry An Introduction, Raymond B. Seymour and Charles E.
Carraher, Jr
9. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded, Paul C. Hiemenz
10. Problems in Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Henry O. Daley,

Jr, and Robert F. O'Malley
11. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Second Edition, Raymond B. Seymour and
Charles E. Carraher, Jr
12. Polymer Chemistry. An Introduction, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Raymond B. Seymour and Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
13. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Fourth Edition, Revised
and Expanded, Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
14. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Fifth Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
15. Principles of Thermodynamics, Myron Kaufman
16. Seymour/Carraher's Polymer Chemistry: Sixth Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Charles E Carraher, Jr.
Additional Volumes in Preparation
To Raymond Seymour—educator, scientist,
pioneer, prophet, historian, family man,
and friend—we miss you
Foreword
Polymer science and technology has developed tremendously over the last few decades,
andtheproductionofpolymersandplasticsproductshasincreasedataremarkablepace.
By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced
worldwide(about2%ofthewoodused,andnearly5%oftheoilharvested)tofulfillthe
ever-growing needs of the plastic age; in the industrialized world plastic materials are
usedatarateofnearly100kgperpersonperyear.Plasticmaterialswithover$250billion
dollars per year contribute about 4% to the gross domestic product in the United States.
Plastics have no counterpart in other materials in terms of weight, ease of fabrication,
efficient utilization, and economics.
It is no wonder that the demand and the need for teaching in polymer science and
technology have increased rapidly. To teach polymer science, a readable and up-to-date
introductorytextbookisrequiredthatcoverstheentirefieldofpolymerscience,engineer-
ing, technology, and the commercial aspect of the field. This goal has been achieved in
Carraher’s textbook. It is eminently useful for teaching polymer science in departments
of chemistry, chemical engineering, and material science, and also for teaching polymer
science and technology in polymer science institutes, which concentrate entirely on the
science and technologies of polymers.
Thissixtheditionaddressestheimportantsubjectofpolymerscienceandtechnology,
with emphasis on making it understandable to students. The book is ideally suited not
only for graduate courses but also for an undergraduate curriculum. It has not become
more voluminous simply by the addition of information—in each edition less important
subjects have been removed and more important issues introduced.
Polymerscienceandtechnologyisnotonlyafundamentalsciencebutalsoimportant
from the industrial andcommercial point of view. The authorhas interwoven discussion
of these subjects with the basics in polymer science and technology. Testimony to the
highacceptanceofthisbookisthatearlydemandrequiredreprintingandupdatingofeach
v
vi Foreword
ofthepreviouseditions.Weseetheresultinthisnewsignificantlychangedandimproved
edition.
Otto Vogl
Herman F. Mark Professor Emeritus
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
Preface
An explosive scientific and technological revolution is underway and at its center are
polymers.Thisrevolutionistheresultofanumberoffactorsthatcomplementoneanother.
These factors include a better understanding of the science of materials and availability
of new and refined materials, synthetic techniques, and analytical tools. Much of this
revolution is of a fundamental nature and it is explored in the latest edition of this text.
These advances are often based on new and extended understanding and application of
basicprinciplesinitiallypresentedinthecorechemistrycourses(organic,physical,inor-
ganic, analytical, and biological).
PolymerChemistrycomplieswiththeadvancedcoursedefinitiongivenbytheAmer-
ican Chemical Society Committee on Professional Training, building on the foundations
laid in general, organic, ph ysical, analytical/instrumentation, and inorganic chemistry. It
also includes all the major and optional topics recommended in the syllabus adopted by
the joint polymer education committee ofthe American Chemical Society (Appendix D:
Syllabus). The text integrates and interweaves the important core topic areas. The core
topicsareinterrelatedwithinformationthatfocusesonpolymertopics.Thisassistsstudents
inintegratingtheirchemicalknowledgeandillustratestheconnectionbetweentheoretical
and applied chemical information. Also, industrial practices and testing procedures and
results are integrated with the theoretical treatment of the various topics, allowing the
reader to bridge the gap between industrial practice and the classroom. It is written so
thatchapterscanbetakenoutoforderandnotallthechaptersneedtobecoveredtogain
an adequate appreciation of the science of polymers. Many of the chapters begin with
theory, followed by application. Some readers will elect to read the more descriptive
chapters dealing with polymer types before looking at the analytical/analysis/properties
chapters.
This book is user friendly—it is appropriate as an advanced undergraduate text or
an introductory-level graduate-level course text. It can serve as the text for the initial
vii
viii Preface
courseinaseriestakenbyastudent,oritcanbethelonepolymertextreadbyastudent
inthestudyofpolymers.Studentsofchemistry,materials,engineering,medicine,biochem-
istry, physics, and geology will benefit from an understanding of the material found in
this text.
The application and theory of polymers continues to expand. This new edition re-
flects this growth and the continually expanding role of polymers. There is an increased
emphasison pictorializing,reinforcing,integrating, andinterweavingthe basicconcepts.
Thefirstchapterisshorterinordertoallowtimeforstudentorientation.However,
the other chapters should not require more than a week’s time each. Each chapter is
essentiallyself-contained,buteachrelatestotheotherchapters.Wheneverpossible,diffi-
cultconceptsaredistributedandreinforcedoverseveralchapters.Aglossary,biography,
suggested questions (and answers), and learning objectives/summary are included at the
end of each chapter.
Applicationandtheoryareintegratedsothattheyreinforceoneanother.Thisistrue
forallthevariousimportantandcriticaltypesofpolymersincludingsynthetic,biological,
organometallic, and inorganic polymers. The principle that the basic concepts that apply
to one grouping of polymers apply to all the other types of polymers is emphasized.
Theupdatingofanalytical,physical,andspectralcharacterizationtechniquescontin-
ues, including expanded coverage of the theory and results arising from atomic force
microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. Special sections dealing with industrially
important polymers are included, and the section dealing with soluble stereoregulating
catalysis has been expanded.
There is still an emphasis on naturally occurring polymers, and discussions of
supercoiling, replication, and compacting are included. As before, the interplay between
natural and synthetic polymers is emphasized.
Anumberofmiscellaneoustopicshavebeendrawntogetherinonechapter,which
includes sections on conductive polymers, smart materials, protomics, human genome,
optical fibers, material selection charts, carbon nanotubes, and liquid crystals.
Emphasis on nanotechnology and nanomaterials remains with added or expanded
sectionsdealingwithzeolites,nanotubes,nanocomposites,molecularwires,dendrites,and
selfassembly.Thechapteronpolymertechnologyandprocessinghasbeenrewrittenand
expanded. The section listing Web sites has been updated.

The nomenclature section has been enlarged, and a new appendix on the stereoge-
ometry of polymers has been added.
Additionalaidsandappendixesareincluded:howtostudy,nomenclature,over1500
tradenames,about400citationstoappropriateJournalofChemicalEducationandPoly-
mer News articles, Web sites dealing with polymer topics, and over 100 structures of
common polymers.
Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Herman Mark of the Polytechnic Institute
ofNewYork;CharlesL.McCormick,UniversityofSouthernMississippi;WilliamFeld,
WrightStateUniversity;EliPearce,PolytechnicInstituteofNewYork;FredinardRodri-
guez,CornellUniversity;andOttoVogl,UniversityofMassachusetts,fortheirreviewing,
advising, and counseling efforts; and Charles Carraher III and Shawn Carraher for their
help in proofing and indexing.
Ialsothankthefollowingfortheirspecialcontributionstothebook:CharlesGebel-
ein,LesSperling,AngloVolpe,StamIsrael,CarlWooten,RitaBlumstein,EckhardHell-
muth,FrankMillich,NormanMiller,RudyDeanin,GuyDonaruma,LeoMandelkem,R.
V. Subramanian, Charles Pittman, Brian Currell, C. Bamford, Roger Epton, Paul Flory,
CharlesOverberger,Willia mBailey,JimO’Donnell,RobBurford,EdgarHardy,JohnH.
Coates, Don Napper, Frank Harris, G. Allan Stahl, John Westerman, William A. Field,
Nan-Loh Yang, Sheldon Clare, E. N. Ipiotis, D. H. Richards, G. Kirshenbaum, A. M.
Sarquis,LonMathias,SukumarMaiti,S.Temin,YoshinobuNaoshima,EberhardNeuse,
John Sheats, George Hess, David Emerson, Kenneth Bixgorin, Thomas Miranda, M. B.
Hocking, Marsha Colbert, Joseph Lagowski, Dorothy Sterling, Amanda Murphy, John
Kloss,QingmaoZhang,BhoominPandya,ErnestRandolph,AlbertoRivalta,andFengchen
He.
This book could not have been written without the long-time efforts of Professor
Herman Mark, who was one of the fathers of polymer science.
For the fourth edition, a special thanks for the assistance of Colleen Carraher.
I acknowledge the kind permission of Gerry Kirshenbaum and Polymer News for
allowing us to use portions of articles that have appeared in Polymer News.
Finally, I thank Edward S. Wilks for his help with the section on “Chemical Ab-
stracts–Based Polymer Nomenclature.”
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