Table Of ContentSchool of Business
Master’s Thesis
Accounting
Elina Hämäläinen
Accounting treatment for intangible assets acquired in a business
combination under IFRS
Supervisor/Examiner: Satu Pätäri
Second Examiner: Pasi Syrjä
ABSTRACT
Author: Elina Hämäläinen
Title: Accounting treatment for intangible assets acquired in a
business combination under IFRS
Faculty: LUT, School of Business and Management
Major: Accounting
Year: 2015
Master’s Thesis: Lappeenranta University of Technology
127 pages, 4 figures and 25 tables
Examiners: Professor Satu Pätäri
Professor Pasi Syrjä
Keywords: Intangible assets, business combinations, IFRS, goodwill,
accounting, media companies
The role of intangible assets and the amount of business combinations have
increased significantly during the last decades which has caused the need to reform
and harmonise the accounting treatment for acquired intangible assets. The aim of
this study is to find out how the new accounting standard for business combinations,
IFRS 3, has affected the accounting treatment for identifiable intangible assets and
goodwill in the examined media companies between 2005 and 2014. The most
significant reforms introduced by IFRS 3 have been goodwill impairment test and
the fair value accounting for acquired intangibles. This study is conducted by using
a descriptive analysis and the empirical data consists of financial statement
information of listed Finnish and international media companies. The main
objectives of IFRS 3 have been to reduce the amount of acquisition cost allocated
to goodwill and allow companies to recognise new intangible assets separately from
goodwill. The results of this study show that the amount of the acquisition cost
allocated to goodwill has decreased during the examined period and due to the fair
value accounting, business acquisitions have made new intangible assets visible
that otherwise would have not met the recognition criteria under IAS 38. The
application of IFRS has revealed a big amount of invisible assets in the balance
sheets but at the same time this has reduced the comparability between companies.
TIIVISTELMÄ
Tekijä: Elina Hämäläinen
Tutkielman nimi: Yritysten yhteenliittymistä nousevien aineettomien
hyödykkeiden tilinpäätöskäsittely IFRS –standardien
mukaisesti
Tiedekunta: LUT, Kauppakorkeakoulu
Pääaine: Laskentatoimi
Vuosi: 2015
Pro gradu –tutkielma: Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto
127 sivua, 4 kuvaa ja 25 taulukkoa
Tarkastajat: Professori Satu Pätäri
Professori Pasi Syrjä
Hakusanat: Aineettomat hyödykkeet, yritysten yhteenliittymät, IFRS,
liikearvo, kirjanpito, mediayhtiöt
Aineettomien hyödykkeiden merkitys yritysostoissa on kasvanut merkittävästi
samalla, kun pitkään jatkunut keskustelu tilinpäätösten luotettavuuden
heikkenemisestä on nostanut esille sen, että yritysten tilinpäätökset eivät riittävissä
määrin heijasta aineettomien hyödykkeiden arvoa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on
selvittää, kuinka tarkasteltavat mediayhtiöt ovat soveltaneet yritysostoihin liittyvää
tilinpäätösstandardia (IFRS 3), jonka päätavoitteena on ollut erityisesti
liikearvon käsitteen selkeyttäminen sekä liikearvolle allokoitavan hankintahinnan
määrän vähentäminen tunnistamalla aineettomia hyödykkeitä erillään liikearvosta.
Samalla standardin tarkoituksena on ollut tuoda uusia aineettomia hyödykkeitä
näkyväksi yritysostojen yhteydessä. Käyvän arvon soveltaminen yritysostoissa
nouseville aineettomille hyödykkeille on ollut merkittävä uudistus, ja tuonut
tavoitteiden mukaisesti näkyväksi uusia aineettomia hyödykkeitä, jotka muutoin
olisivat olleet aktivointikelvottomia IAS 38:n mukaisesti. Tämän tutkielman tulokset
osoittavat, että liikearvolle allokoitavan hankintahinnan määrä on vähentynyt
tarkasteltavissa yrityksissä, mutta samalla ne nostavat esille sen, että yritysten
taseet sisältävät näkymätöntä aineetonta omaisuutta, jotka eivät täytä IAS 38:n
aktivointiedellytyksiä, ja näin ollen tämä heikentää vertailtavuutta yritysten välillä.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The first thing that came into my mind when I started to write these
acknowledgements was: Am I really done? I moved to Lappeenranta about five
years ago and at that time I did not know what to expect. These past five years have
been amazing and I have met so many new and wonderful people and got
unforgettable memories. During these years in Lappeenranta, I have also found my
own fields of interests. Writing this thesis has been a long process including both
ups and down but now it has finally come to an end.
First, I want to say thank you to my parents, who have been the most important
support for me during my whole life and helped me both financially and mentally and
encouraged me to do what I want. I also want to say thank you to my lovely friends,
Rosa and Laura, because I would not be in this point without your support and our
prolonged lunch conversations.
I would like to thank my examiners, Satu and Pasi, for the comments and guidance
and help to improve the content of this study. Last, I want to say a special thank you
to Juha Nuutinen at Alma Media for all the comments, new development ideas,
expertise and the possibility to co-operate with you.
I also want to thank everyone who has stood by me during this process and
supported me. I would not be here without all this support. However, now it is time
to say goodbye to Lappeenranta, leave a student life behind and move on.
Elina Hämäläinen
Helsinki, 17.10.2015
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and motivation ...................................................................... 1
1.2 Literature review ....................................................................................... 2
1.3 Research questions, objectives and delimitations .................................... 6
1.4 Research methodology and data .............................................................. 8
1.5 Structure of the study ................................................................................ 9
2 Accounting for intangible assets ................................................................ 10
2.1 Background ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 The value relevance of financial statements and intangible assets ........ 11
2.3 International Financial Reporting Standards ........................................... 16
2.3.1 Intangible assets ................................................................................. 17
2.3.2 Recognition criteria of intangible assets .............................................. 20
2.3.3 Initial recognition, measurement subsequent to acquisition and
amortisation .................................................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Accounting for business combinations ................................................ 26
2.4 Accounting for intangible assets acquired in a business combination
under IFRS 3 ..................................................................................................... 29
2.4.1 Accounting treatment for goodwill under IFRS 3 ................................. 30
2.4.2 Fair value accounting of acquired intangible assets ............................ 35
2.4.3 Disclosures related to intangible assets and goodwill ......................... 39
2.5 Theoretical evidence for using IFRS accounting for business
combinations ...................................................................................................... 41
2.5.1 Accounting conservatism .................................................................... 42
2.5.2 The effects of the adoption of IFRS on the value-relevance of intangible
assets 43
2.5.3 The value relevance of goodwill impairments and fair values ............. 47
3 Accounting treatment for acquired intangible assets in the media
companies ............................................................................................................ 52
3.1 Research data and description of research process ............................... 52
3.2 Alma Media ............................................................................................. 55
3.3 Sanoma ................................................................................................... 63
3.4 Schibsted Media Group .......................................................................... 72
3.5 Modern Times Group .............................................................................. 78
3.6 Axel Springer Group ............................................................................... 85
3.7 The main findings and discussion ........................................................... 92
4 Summary and conclusions ....................................................................... 100
4.1 Answers to the research questions ....................................................... 100
4.2 Contribution of the study ....................................................................... 103
4.3 Further research and limitations ........................................................... 107
References ......................................................................................................... 109
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Intangible and tangible business investments in 2009
Figure 2. Intangible asset recognition criteria under IAS 38
Figure 3. Alma Media’s goodwill and identifiable intangible assets amounts
(million EUR) in the balance sheet between 2005 and 2014
Figure 4. Axel Springer’s shares of the acquisition costs allocated to goodwill
between 2006 and 2014
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. History of IFRS 3
Table 2. The basic information about the examined companies in 2014
Table 3. Alma Media’s balance sheet information
Table 4. Alma Media’s income statement information
Table 5. Impact of business acquisitions on Alma Media’s assets and
liabilities
Table 6. Carrying amounts and fair values of acquired assets
Table 7. Sanoma’s balance sheet information
Table 8. Sanoma’s income statement information
Table 9. Impact of business acquisitions on Sanoma’s assets and liabilities
Table 10. Carrying amounts and fair values of Nowa Era
Table 11. Carrying amounts and fair values of Independent Media
Table 12. Schibsted’s balance sheet information
Table 13. Schibsted’s income statement information
Table 14. Impact of business acquisitions on Schibsted’s assets and liabilities
Table 15. Specification of acquired intangible assets
Table 16. Modern Times Group’s balance sheet information
Table 17. Modern Times Group’s income statement information
Table 18. Impact of business acquisitions on Modern Times Group’s assets
and liabilities
Table 19. Carrying amounts and fair values of acquired assets
Table 20. Axel Springer’s balance sheet information
Table 21. Axel Springer’s income statement information
Table 22. Impact of business acquisitions on Axel Springer’s assets and
liabilities
Table 23. Carrying amounts and fair values of acquired assets
Table 24. Summary of the examined companies’ balance sheet information in
2005-2014
Table 25. Summary of the impact of business combinations on the examined
companies’ assets and liabilities in 2005-2014, averages
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
IAS International Accounting Standards
IASB International Accounting Standards Board
IFRIC FRS Interpretation Committee
IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards
SFAS Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
US GAAP United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
1
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
and
motivation
An underlying trend in the nature of economic activity has been one of the most
significant reasons for the growing importance of intangibles. Resources spent on
intangible assets have conventionally been expensed and treated as costs and not
as investments. This traditional accounting treatment for intangibles has reduced
the value relevance of financial statements as the importance of intangibles has
been continuously increasing and advocates of greater intangible asset reporting
often argue that financial statements do not reflect the value of intangible assets.
Over the last decades there have been needs for accounting reforms and a general
view is that the traditional historical cost approach is no longer useful as the
economy has shifted from industrial-based to knowledge-based where intangibles
play an important role. (Cañibano et al. 2000;; Hoegh-Krohn & Knivsflå 2000)
A study made by OECD (2012) reveals that investments in intangible capital have
grown and in many cases, they are even more important than tangible investments.
The figure 1. below shows that in many countries intangible investments are as
important as tangible and in the USA and UK the total business investments in
intangible capital have been even bigger than investments in tangible capital in
2009. As the importance of intangibles has grown there has also been an increased
focus on mergers and acquisitions that has caused the need for creating the
accounting for intangible assets acquired in a business combination. These
transactions can have significant benefits, e.g. increased stakeholder value and
market share and cost reductions, for the acquiring company but the related
accounting is complex.
Description:2.5 Theoretical evidence for using IFRS accounting for business . IASB. International Accounting Standards Board. IFRIC. FRS Interpretation Committee. IFRS. International Financial Reporting Standards. SFAS .. Therefore, the relevant IFRS standards form a theoretical framework of this study.