Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan - World Agroforestry Centre

259 Pages·2010·15.67 MB·English

Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan
The Government of Rwanda,
Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources
Ebony Enterprises Ltd
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan
The Government of Rwanda,
Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources
Ebony Enterprises Limited
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
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Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan
The Government of Rwanda,
Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources
Ebony Enterprises Limited
The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Coordinators of IMP Study:
NGABONZIZA Prime
MAIMBO Mabanga Malesu
Supervisor of IMP study:
DVOSKIN Dan
Authors:
MAIMBO Mabanga Malesu
ODUOR Alex Raymonds
KIPRUTO Cherogony
NYOLEI Douglas
GACHENE Charles
BIAMAH Elijah Kipngetich
O’NEIL Mick
MIYUKI Ilyama
JEPHINE Mogoi

Steering Committee Members:
SENDEGE Norbert
NGABONZIZA Prime
NZEYIMANA Innocent
MUSABYIMANA Innocent
MUSABYIMANA J. Claude
AZENE BEKELE Tesemma
KAGABO Desire
HARINDINTWALI Reverien
BAYOULI Amor
MOULAYE Abdou
Enterprises Ltd.
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Acknowledgement

The World Agroforestry Centre greatly appreciates the opportunity accorded by the
Managing Director of Ebony Enterprises Limited, Brigadier General (Rtd) Danny
Kassif, to participate in the Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan through a sub-contractual
agreement signed in March 2009. Upon inception of Phase I study, a number of
Ebony personnel provided administrative and logistical support which cannot go
unrecognized. These include Pini Moria, Ram Lustgarten, Arik Almog, Adina Avisar
and Avi Evron.
Cognizance is also extended to the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources for
providing technical backstopping and logistical support while carrying out the study
in Rwanda. The following Officers are highly appreciated for their contributions
to ensuring that Phase I of the study was a success: The Permanent Secretary –
MINAGRI, Mr. RUZINDAZA Ernest - for providing guidance in policy matters;
Mr. NGABONZIZA Prime as the IMP Coordinator - for ensuring that ICRAF got
everything that they needed for the study; HARINDINTWALI Reverien for data
collection, guidance during ground-truthing and validation of selected potential
irrigation sites.
Other institutions acknowledged for the technical support they provided to ICRAF
include; Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Ministry of Environment and Lands
(MINELA), Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), International
Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and COCA Sarl.
Finally, the authors appreciate the support accorded to them by Dr. Jeremiahs Mowo
- The Regional Coordinator of World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), East Africa
region. Others from the ICRAF – E.A. office include Meshack Nyabenge, Rose
Onyango, Susan Yiapan and Nancy Oseko.

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Published by:
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri. P. O. Box 30677–
00100. Nairobi, Kenya. 2010. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Water Management
Unit, Ebony Enterprises Ltd (Israel), Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
(MINAGRI), Rwanda

© World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2010.
Edited by:
Eric McGaw
Photo credits:
Malesu M. Maimbo - ICRAF (cover & inner pages)
Alex Raymonds Oduor - ICRAF (inner pages)
Isaiah Sijali - KARI (inner pages)
IRRICO International (inner pages)
Computer graphics:
Peter Mungai - Logitech Ltd
Evans Oduor - Pixiniti Studios
GIS Analysis and products:
Meshack Nyabenge and Douglas Nyolei
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Design and Layout :
Peter Mungai - Logitech Ltd
Administrative and Logistical Support:
Susan N. Yiapan
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Cataloguing-in-publication data:
Malesu M. M., Oduor A.R., Chrogony K., Nyolei D., Gachene C.K.K., Biamah E. K.,
O’Neil M., Ilyama M. and Mogoi J. 2010. Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan. The Government
of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Ebony Company Limited and
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Nairobi, Kenya. 240p +xii p; includes bibliography.
ISBN: 978 92 9059 278 5
Disclaimour :
The contents of this book may reproduced with permission from the Government of Rwanda,
Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI). Views expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of MINAGRI.
Printed by:
Colour Print Ltd
P.O. Box 44466
Nairobi, Kenya.
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Table of contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................1
1.1. Overview .....................................................................................1
1.2. Economy ......................................................................................2
1.3. History of irrigation and drainage in Rwanda ................................4
1.4. Water resources for irrigation ........................................................5
1.5. Rationale for an IMP for Rwanda ..................................................6
1.6. Aim and objectives of an IMP .......................................................7
1.7. Methodology ................................................................................8
1.8. Development of GIS for site localisation and visualisation ..........11
1.9. The GIS methodology .................................................................13
1.10. Rationale for an IMP development matrix ...................................13
1.11. Policy issues ...............................................................................14
2. Biophysical profile ................................................................................15
2.1. Introduction ................................................................................15
2.2. The GIS database of biophysical profiles .....................................16
2.3. Administrative and infrastructural data ........................................17
2.4. Land and soils data .....................................................................18
2.5. Climate data ...............................................................................28
2.6. Agroclimatic zones .....................................................................31
3. Identification of Potential Irrigation Areas ..............................................37
3.1. Development of a Potential Irrigation Area (PIA)
decision support tool ..................................................................37
3.2. Criteria used in the determination of PIAs ...................................41
3.3. Multi-criteria analysis to identify PIAs .........................................34
4. Water resource availability ....................................................................47
4.1. General background ...................................................................47
4.2. Water resources data ..................................................................48
4.3. Hydrography ..............................................................................50
4.4. Hydrogeological potential ..........................................................60
4.5. Water quality ..............................................................................61
4.6. National water balance ..............................................................62
4.7. Water usage ...............................................................................62
5. Irrigation domains .................................................................................67
5.1. Runoff for dams ..........................................................................68
5.2. River and flood water domain .....................................................70
5.3. Lake water resources domain .....................................................71
5.4. Groundwater resources domain ..................................................73
5.5. Runoff for small reservoirs domain .............................................75
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5.6. Marshland resource domain .......................................................77
5.7. Summary of potential irrigable areas ...........................................78
6. Criteria for crop selection and estimated crop water requirements .........81
6.1. Crop selection support tool criteria .............................................81
6.2. Crop choice summary ................................................................97
6.3. Crop water requirements ............................................................98
7. Water supply and irrigation systems for Rwanda ..................................109
7.1. Water supply ............................................................................109
7.2. Estimated cost for a sample irrigation project ............................122
8. IMP alternatives: organization and control of
irrigation supply management .............................................................125
8.1. Introduction ..............................................................................125
8.2. Organizational objectives for water management .....................126
8.3. Activities undertaken by a water organization ...........................127
8.4. IMP organizational structure alternatives ..................................128
8.5. An IMP analysis and the development of a
decision support tool ....................................................................130
8.6. Initializing, planning and implementing irrigation projects .......133
8.7. Summary ..................................................................................134
9. Transition to modern irrigated agriculture ............................................135
9.1. Need for modern irrigated agriculture .......................................135
9.2. National strategic irrigation planning ........................................136
9.3. Capacity building, training and technical assistance .................139
9.4. Institutional requirements .........................................................139
9.5. Policy and legislative framework ...............................................140
9.6. Strategies for intensification of production systems ...................144
9.7. Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Rwanda .......................147
9.8. Social dimensions of irrigated agriculture in Rwanda ................152
9.9. Desirable elements of modern irrigated agriculture ...................158
10. References ...........................................................................................159
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List of tables
Table 1: Analysis of GIS data layers .......................................................................12
Table 2: Geomorphologic types used in GIS layer .................................................21
Table 3: Major kinds of land use and cover types ..................................................24
Table 4: Characterisation of ACZs .........................................................................35
Table 5: Scoring of slope classes ...........................................................................42
Table 6: Scoring of soil classes ..............................................................................42
Table 7: Hydrometric gauges on rivers ..................................................................53
Table 8: Estimated minimum flow rates and yearly volumes per watershed ...........54
Table 9: Hydrometric gauges discharge (m3s-1) grouped by ACZ ..........................55
Table 10: Watershed areas in km2 ..........................................................................57
Table 11: Estimated lake volumes............................................................................58
Table 12: Water supply data ....................................................................................63
Table 13: Borehole distribution and yields per district .............................................74
Table 14: Potential irrigable areas per district ..........................................................79
Table 15: Potential irrigable areas with slope categories per district ........................80
Table 16: Crop choice criteria .................................................................................82
Table 17: Suggestions for food security, import, high-value, substitution and cash
generating crops ......................................................................................83
Table 18: Example of crop allocation to PIAs within ACZs ......................................85
Table 19: Choice of regional crops in ACZs ............................................................85
Table 20: Current, expected and potential crop yields (t ha-1) under rainfed and
irrigated condition ...................................................................................86
Table 21: Projected profitability for sweet potato production under irrigation..........88
Table 22: SWOT analysis for premium coffee ..........................................................92
Table 23: SWOT analysis for fresh green beans for export .......................................93
Table 24: SWOT analysis for cut roses ....................................................................94
Table 25: SWOT analysis for processed fruits (dried fruit and fruit juices) ................95
Table 26: General grading specifications for four sample crops ...............................98
Table 27: Areas in Rwanda with total number of months having P/PET ratio > 1 ...100
Table 28: Areas in Rwanda with consecutive months having P/PET ≥ 1 .................101
Table 29: Thirty-year mean monthly precipitation, PET, P/PET, maximum and
minimum temperatures and mean daily PET for Gashora .......................103
Table 30: Thirty-year mean monthly P, PET, P/PET, maximum and minimum
temperature and mean daily PET for Gitarama .......................................103
Table 31: Thirty-year mean monthly P, PET, P/PET, maximum and minimum
temperature and mean daily PET for Nyagatare .....................................104
Table 32: Thirty-year mean Kc, ETc, Peff and IrrReq for Gashora, Gitarama and
Nyagatare starting at the end of the long rainy season for mango crop ...106
Table 33: Cost breakdown for sample furrow irrigation project on a
100-ha site (USD) ..................................................................................123
Table 34: Cost estimates for irrigation equipment (USD ha-1) ...............................123
Table 35: Multi criteria analysis of domain for prioritization .................................137
Table 36: Ranking of domains from MCA scores ...................................................138
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Table 37: Indicators of an environmentally sustainable irrigation project...............148
Table 38: Budget 2010–2020 ................................................................................150
Table 39: Cost-benefit analysis ..............................................................................150
Table 40: Water quality standards for irrigated agriculture .....................................152
Table 41: List of irrigation water quality parameters ..............................................152
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