Table Of ContentRwanda Fast Forward
This page intentionally left blank
Rwanda Fast Forward
Social, Economic, Military and
Reconciliation Prospects
Edited by
Maddalena Campioni
Policy Adviser, Scenario Development, UK
and
Patrick Noack
Founding Partner, Scenario Development, UK
Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Maddalena
Campioni and Patrick Noack 2012
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-36048-8
All remaining chapters © respective authors 2012
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication
may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron
House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth
Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-34778-0 ISBN 978-1-137-26515-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137265159
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of
the country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
Contents
List of Tables and Figures vii
Notes on Contributors viii
Acknowledgements xii
Part I Introduction
1 Rwanda Fast Forward: the Many Perspectives That
Make Rwanda a Unique Country 3
Maddalena Campioni and Patrick Noack
Part II Reconciliation, Reconstruction, Unification and
Civil Society Issues
2 Rwanda 2025: Scenarios for the Future Political
Stability of Rwanda 13
Esther Marijnen and Jaïr van der Lijn
3 Discordant Narratives in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts 29
Ananda Breed
4 Participatory Rights in Rwanda: Genocide Ideology Laws
and the Future of Political Space 45
Fred Cowell
5 Independent Actors or Silent Agents: Where To Go
for Rwandan Civil Society? 60
Christiane Adamczyk
6 Deterioration of Aid Coordination in Gacaca Implementation:
Dealing with the Past for a Better Future? 76
Astrid Jamar
7 Peasant Perspectives on National Unity and Reconciliation:
Building Peace or Promoting Division? 96
Susan Thomson
Part III Economic and Social Development
8 Regional Integration and the Future of Rwanda 113
Babajide Sodipo and Jacqueline Muna Musiitwa
v
vi Contents
9 Rwanda: Overcoming the Industrial Policy Taboo 126
Joseph Holden
10 New ‘Friends’ of Rwanda – Chinese Noodles and
Indian Curry: An Analysis of Asian Giants’ Forays into
Rwanda in the Light of Theories on OFDI 145
Kamakshi Nanda
11 Communication, Media and the Way Forward 160
Anna Colom
12 The Political Economy of Contemporary Education
and the Challenges of Switching Formal Language to
English in Rwanda 176
Joseph Assan and Lawrence Walker
13 Civic Education and Social Transformation in
Post- Genocide Rwanda: Forging the Perfect
Development Subjects 192
Andrea Purdeková
Part IV Conflict and the Role of the Military
14 The Spread of the ‘Genocide Ideology’ within
the Great Lakes Region: Challenges for Rwanda 213
Frank K. Rusagara
15 Between Pyongyang and Singapore: the Rwandan State,
Its Rulers, and the Military 228
Will Jones
16 The Role of the Military in Rwanda:
Current Dynamics and Future Prospects 249
Danielle Beswick
17 Nurturing Democracy or into the Danger Zone?
The Rwandan Patriotic Front, Elite Fragmentation and
Post-liberation Politics 265
Harry Verhoeven
Index 281
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
12.1 Language use and education 179
12.2 List of respondents 181
12.3 Languages spoken in Rwanda 182
17.1 Key dates in Rwanda since 1959 269
Figures
2.1 Four scenarios for Rwanda’s future 24
9.1 Industrial policy success stories 130
9.2 Price volatility of Rwanda’s major exports: 2002–2009 134
9.3 Escaping the commodity trap in Rwanda 140
15.1 Government effectiveness and political stability (RPC):
Rwanda and its neighbours and post- conflict states 231
vii
Notes on Contributors
Christiane Adamczyk, an anthropologist by profession, worked in
Rwanda with German Cooperation from 2005 to 2006. Currently
she works as an adviser for German Cooperation and is an associated
PhD student with the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
(Germany) where she is writing her thesis on Rwanda’s nation- building
and reconciliation policies.
Joseph Assan is a lecturer in Development Practice at Trinity College
Dublin where he is the Field Clinical Training Director for the Masters
in Development Practice Programme. Joseph was the Director for the
International Development Programme at the University of Liverpool,
UK. His research interest focuses on the interaction between develop-
ment policy and how it translates into practice. Joseph was awarded his
PhD by the Department of Geography, University of Liverpool.
Danielle Beswick is a lecturer in the International Development
department at the University of Birmingham, UK. Her research focuses
primarily on Rwanda’s relationship with donors and its regional neigh-
bours since the 1994 genocide. She has published p eer- reviewed articles
on Rwanda’s involvement in peacekeeping, the challenges of managing
political dissent after genocide, and the impact of national identity poli-
cies on the minority Batwa group in Rwanda.
Ananda Breed is Senior Lecturer at the University of East London,
UK. Between 2005 and 2006, Ananda conducted doctoral research in
Rwanda that incorporated the performativity of nationalism, justice
and reconciliation through grassroots associations, Gacaca, com-
memorations and memorials, Ingando solidarity camps, and theatrical
productions. She has served as a participatory theatre consultant, con-
ducting projects in Congo, Indonesia and Kyrgyzstan related to theatre
for peace- building. Her upcoming book is Performing the Nation: Justice,
Genocide, and Reconciliation.
Maddalena Campioni has worked on developing scenarios and critical
policy thinking for the past ten years. Her analytical work and writing
have included international development, climate change and health
planning and policy throughout Africa, Europe, Russia and the United
States. She is currently based at the London School of Hygiene and
viii
Notes on Contributors ix
Tropical Medicine and the London School of Economics and Political
Science, and is Partner at Scenario Development.
Anna Colom, formerly a journalist, holds an MSc in Development
Studies (SOAS) and currently specialises in Communication for
Development research and policy. Anna worked at the Ministry of
Information of the Government of Rwanda at a time when the Ministry
was undertaking various significant developments in the area of infor-
mation and communication. She has also worked for international and
local non- governmental organisations in Latin America, Africa, Asia
and Europe.
Fred Cowell is currently the Legal Officer at the Commonwealth
Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), an international NGO that promotes
human rights in Commonwealth countries. He is also a doctoral
student (on human rights regimes in Africa), and lectures in Law at
Birkbeck College, University of London. Fred has published half a dozen
academic articles and chapters of books focusing mainly on compara-
tive human rights and human rights institutions and was formerly head
of CHRI’s London office.
Joseph Holden is an independent consultant. In East Africa he has worked
on projects for USAID, DFID and the UN. He spent two years working for
the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Rwanda, where amongst other work
he developed the National Competition Policy and the Rwanda Investor
Perception Index. He previously worked for Deloitte & Touche and the
National Audit Office in the United Kingdom.
Astrid Jamar obtained a BA in Political Sciences, a MA in International
Relations, and an MA in Peace Studies. She has undertaken research
on transitional justice in Rwanda since 2006, during which she
gained working experience with Avocats Sans Frontières, Penal Reform
International and the National Service of the Gacaca Courts. At the time
of writing, she was a research assistant for the Gacaca Narratives Project
at the University of East London, UK.
Jaïr van der Lijn is a Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute,
the Netherlands. He holds a PhD in Management Sciences from
Radboud University Nijmegen, where he is also currently lecturing as an
Assistant Professor at the Centre for International Conflict Analysis and
Management. He has mainly published on peace operations and future
foresight studies, in journals such as Foresight and Journal of International
Peacekeeping.
