Refrigeration: home and commercial

768 Pages·2004·6.02 MB·English

by  Miller, Rex;Anderson, Edwin P.;Miller, Mark R

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AudelTM
Refrigeration: Home
and Commercial
All New 5th Edition
i
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ii
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AudelTM
Refrigeration: Home
and Commercial
All New 5th Edition
Edwin Anderson
iii
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Contents
Acknowledgments xxv
About the Author xxvii
Introduction xxix
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Refrigeration 1
Applications of Refrigeration 1
Physical Units 2
PracticalDimensions 2
SquareMeasure 4
CubicMeasureorMeasureofSolids 4
Mass 5
SpecificGravity 6
Atmospheric, Absolute, and Gage
Pressures 8
AtmosphericPressure 9
AbsolutePressure 10
Boyle’s Law for Perfect Gases 10
Charles’s Law 11
Power and Work 15
Units of Power 15
Energy 16
Theory of Heat 17
MolecularTheory 18
Temperature 19
Thermometers 19
Absolute Zero 21
Units of Heat 22
Specific Heat 23
Latent Heat 27
ChangeofState 27
LatentHeatofFusion 29
Latent Heat of Evaporation 30
Steam 30
Refrigerants 31
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vi Contents
UseofIce 33
TonofRefrigeration 34
Evaporation 34
Pressure 34
Pressure-Temperature Relations 37
LowPressures 37
EffectofLowPressures 39
Heat Transmission 40
Conduction 41
Convection 42
Radiation 43
Condensation 43
Altitudes and Refrigeration Capacity 46
AtmosphericFactorsinRefrigeration 46
RefrigerationbyVaporization 47
Basic Systems 49
Laws of Gases 50
The Refrigeration Cycle 52
Pressure 53
AtmosphericPressure 54
AbsolutePressure 54
Summary 54
Review Questions 54
Chapter 2 Refrigerants 57
Desirable Properties 57
Class1 57
Class2 57
Class3 58
Freon Refrigerants 58
SubstituteRefrigerants 59
ChemicalProperties 59
PhysicalProperties 59
OperatingPressures 60
Freon-12 60
Freon-21 62
Freon-22 62
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Contents vii
Freon-113 62
Freon-11 62
Freon-114 62
Freon-13andFreon-14 63
Sulfur Dioxide 63
Methyl Chloride 64
Ammonia 65
Carbon Dioxide 65
Leak Detection 66
ElectronicDetector 66
HalideTorch 66
BubbleMethod 67
DetectionofAmmoniaandSulfur
DioxideLeaks 67
Pressure-Temperature Chart 67
Care in Handling Refrigerants 69
Handling Refrigerant Cylinders 69
Refrigerant Containers 70
A Simple Refrigeration System 71
Summary 72
Review Questions 74
Chapter 3 Compressors 77
How the Compressor Works 77
Reciprocating Compressors 77
Lubrication 78
ShaftSeal 80
PistonsandRings 81
ConnectingRodsandWristPins 82
Crankshafts 82
Valves 83
Rotary Compressors 83
Hermetic Compressors 84
Centrifugal Compressors 87
System Precautions 89
Compressor Maintenance 90
OilLevel 90
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viii Contents
OilPressure 90
SuctionStrainer 90
Valves 91
CompressorCare 91
Open-Type Compressor Maintenance
and Service 92
ShaftSeal 93
CompressorEfficiencyTest 94
StuckorTightCompressor 96
CompressorKnocks 96
Lubrication 96
CompressorRemoval 97
CompressorReplacement 97
BeltAlignment 97
Running-Time Check 98
Compression Ratio 99
Energy Consumption 100
Refrigeration-System Lubricants 100
LubricationofMotorandFanBearings 101
CompressorLubrication 101
TypesofLubrication 102
Compressor Calculations 102
MechanicalEfficiency 103
CompressionRatio 103
VolumetricEfficiency 103
CompressorCapacity 103
PerformanceFactor 103
BrakeHorsepower 103
TheoreticalCompressorCapacities 109
Safety Precautions 111
Summary 112
Review Questions 113
Chapter 4 Domestic Refrigeration 115
The Refrigeration Cycle 115
High-PressureSide 118
Low-PressureSide 118
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Contents ix
Compressors 118
Condensers 118
Drier-Strainer 119
Capillary Tubes 120
Evaporators 121
Accumulators 124
Energy-Conservation Measures 124
Post-Loop-CondenserDesignChange 124
ControlMethods 125
Schematic Diagrams 129
Summary 129
Review Questions 130
Chapter 5 Absorption System for Domestic
Refrigeration 131
Principle of Operation 131
Absorption-Refrigeration Cycle 132
The Flue System 135
Gas-Control Devices 135
GasShutoffValve 136
PressureRegulators 136
InputControls 136
GasBurners 138
Thermostats 139
Electrical Accessories 141
CabinetLights 141
DefrostTimers 141
Air-CirculationFansandThermostats 141
Installation and Service 142
AirCirculation 142
Leveling 143
Gas-LineConnection 143
Burner-OrificeCleaning 147
Burner-AirAdjustment 147
Thermostat-ValveCleaning 147
Gas-PressureAdjustment 148
FlameStability 150
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x Contents
Refrigerator Unit Removal and
Replacement 150
Refrigerator Maintenance 151
LightingtheBurner 151
ColdControl 152
StoppingRefrigeration 152
RefrigeratorTooCold 152
RefrigeratorNotColdEnough 152
NoRefrigeration 153
BurnerFlameGoesOut 154
FlameBurnsOutsideofGeneratorFlue 155
ManualDefrosting 156
AutomaticDefrosting 156
OdorsfromInsidetheRefrigerator 157
OdorsfromOutsidetheRefrigerator 157
FrostFormsRapidly 157
LooseGasConnection 157
InoperativeLightSwitches 157
Absorption-Refrigeration
Troubleshooting Guide 158
Summary 162
Review Questions 162
Chapter 6 Thermoelectric Cooling 165
Performance of Thermoelectric Couples 165
Advantages and Applications
of Thermoelectric Cooling 166
Summary 172
Review Questions 173
Chapter 7 Refrigeration Service Equipment and
Tools 175
Service Valves 175
Combination Gage Set 178
ImportanceofGagesand
Combination-GageSet 178
TypesofGagesUsed 179