Race, Politics, and Education in Brazil: Affirmative Action in Higher Education

252 Pages·2015·1.14 MB·English

by  Ollie A. Johnson III

Race, Politics, and Education
in Brazil

Race, Politics, and Education
in Brazil
Affirmative Action in Higher Education
Edited by Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer
RACE, POLITICS, AND EDUCATION IN BRAZIL
Copyright © Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer, 2015.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-48514-4
All rights reserved.
First published in 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United
States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of
the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan
Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number
785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above
companies and has companies and representatives throughout the
world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United
States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-57043-0 ISBN 978-1-137-48515-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137485151
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Race, politics, and education in Brazil : affirmation action in higher
education / edited by Ollie A. Johnson III and Rosana Heringer.
pages cm
Includes index.
1. Blacks—
Education (Higher)—Brazil. 2. Education, Higher—Social aspects—
Brazil. 3. Affirmative action programs—Brazil. 4. Education and
state—Brazil. I. Johnson, Ollie A., 1962–, editor.
LC2805.B6R33 2015
378.198296081—dc23
2015006710
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Amnet.
First edition: August 2015
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Abdias do Nascimento (1914–2011), whose life’s work was fighting
against white supremacy and social injustice in Brazil and around the world.
Ollie A. Johnson III
In memory of Professor Carlos Hasenbalg (1943–2014), whose teaching,
research, and service continue to inspire us in the struggle against racism
and racial inequality in Brazil.
Rosana Heringer

Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Rosana Heringer and Ollie A. Johnson III
1 Blacks in National Politics 17
Ollie A. Johnson III
Appendix 1.1 Afro-Brazilian Deputies by Legislature,
State, Party, and Color (1999–2015) 37
Appendix 1.2 Afro-Brazilian Senators by Legislature,
State, Party, and Color (1983–2015) 55
Appendix 1.3 Brazilian Political Parties 57
2 From the Black Movement’s Struggle to the Teaching of
African and Afro-Brazilian History 59
Amilcar Araujo Pereira
3 Equal Opportunity Policy in Brazil: Black Activism and
the State 73
Vera Lúcia Benedito
4 Affirmative Action from the Perspective of International
Human Rights: Challenges and Possibilities from the
Brazilian Experience 95
Flávia Piovesan
5 Affirmative Action and the Expansion of Higher
Education in Brazil 111
Rosana Heringer
6 Afro-Brazilian Support for Affirmative Action 133
Gladys Mitchell-Walthour
viii Contents
7 Ambition with Resistance: Affirmative Action in Brazil’s
Public Universities 155
Erich Dietrich
8 Affirmative Action in Brazil: Achievements and Challenges 179
João Feres Júnior, Verônica Toste, and Luiz Augusto Campos
9 The Defeat of Quotas within the Racial Equality Statute 199
Sales Augusto dos Santos, João Vitor Moreno, and
Dora Lúcia Bertulio
Notes on Contributors 223
Index 227
List of Illustrations
Table 1.1 Largest Population Groups in Brazil (%) 22
Table 1.2 Afro-Brazilians in the Chamber of Deputies 22
Table 1.3 Black Underrepresentation in the Chamber of
Deputies, 55th Legislature 23
Table 1.4 Afro-Brazilians in the Federal Senate 26
Table 1.5 Brazilian Cabinet Ministers by Presidency,
1985 to 2015 28
Table 1.6 Afro-Brazilian Cabinet Members by Administration,
Ministry, Party, and State (1985–2015) 29
Table 5.1 Proportion of People between 18 and 24 Years
of Age by Color/Race Who Were Attending or
Have Concluded Higher Education in Brazil
(1997–2011) 112
Table 5.2 Evolution of the Number of Enrollments
(Regular and Distance Education) by Management
Responsibility (Public or Private)—Brazil
(2001–2012) 115
Table 5.3 Percentage of Children Attending School
According to School Level, Age, and Color/Race
(Brazil 2012) 118
Table 5.4 ENEM Participants According to Race/Color
and Type of High School Attended (2011) 118
Table 5.5 Distribution of People between 15 and 24 Years
of Age Who Attended School, by Color or Race,
According to Level of Education Attended
(Brazil 2010) 119
Table 5.6 Distribution of Students between 18 and 24
Years of Age, According to Level of Education
and Color/Race—Brazil (2001–2011) 119
Table 6.1 Logistic Regression Analysis of Support of
Affirmative Action in Universities and
Employment (2006) 142