Plastic packaging: interactions with food and pharmaceuticals

631 Pages·2008·4.24 MB·English

by  Otto G. Piringer

Plastic Packaging
Edited by
OttoG.PiringerandAlbertL.Baner
Further Reading
Elias, H.-G.
Macromolecules
Volume1:ChemicalStructuresandSyntheses
2005
ISBN:978-3-527-31172-9
Elias, H.-G.
Macromolecules
Volume2:IndustrialPolymersandSyntheses
2007
ISBN:978-3-527-31173-6
Elias, H.-G.
Macromolecules
Volume3:PhysicalStructuresandProperties
2008
ISBN:978-3-527-31174-3
Elias, H.-G.
Macromolecules
Volume4:ApplicationsofPolymers
2009
ISBN:978-3-527-31175-0
Brennan,J. G.
Food Processing Handbook
2006
ISBN:978-3-527-30719-7
Plastic Packaging
Interactions with Food and Pharmaceuticals
Edited by
Otto G. Piringer and Albert L. Baner
Second, Completely Revised Edition
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ISBN:978-3-527-31455-3
V
Contents
Preface XV
List of Contributors XVII
1 PreservationofQualityThroughPackaging 1
AlbertBanerandOttoPiringer
1.1 QualityandShelf-Life 1
1.2 PhysicalandChemicalInteractionsBetweenPlasticsandFood
orPharmaceuticals 4
1.3 TheOrganizationofthisBook 5
FurtherReading 12
2 CharacteristicsofPlasticMaterials 15
JohannesBrandschandOttoPiringer
2.1 Classification,Manufacture,andProcessingAids 15
2.1.1 ClassificationandManufactureofPlastics 16
2.1.1.1 RawMaterialsandPolymerizationProcesses 17
2.1.1.2 AdditionPolymerization 18
2.1.1.3 CondensationPolymerization 19
2.1.1.4 SynthesisofCopolymers,Block,andGraftCopolymers 19
2.1.1.5 PolymerReactions 20
2.1.1.6 PlasticProcessing 22
2.1.2 ProcessingAids 23
2.1.2.1 InitiatorsandCrosslinkers 24
2.1.2.2 Catalysts 25
2.2 StructureandStatesofAggregationinPolymers 26
2.2.1 Structure 26
2.2.2 StatesofAggregation 29
2.3 TheMostImportantPlastics 32
2.3.1 Thermoplastics 32
2.3.1.1 Polyethylene 32
PlasticPackaging.SecondEdition.EditedbyO.G.PiringerandA.L.Baner
Copyright(cid:1)2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-31455-3
VI Contents
2.3.1.2 Polypropylene 34
2.3.1.3 Polybutene-1 36
2.3.1.4 Polyisobutylene 36
2.3.1.5 Poly-4-methylpentene-1(P4MP1) 36
2.3.1.6 Ionomers 36
2.3.1.7 CyclicOlefinCopolymers(COC) 37
2.3.1.8 Polystyrene 38
2.3.1.9 PolyvinylChloride 39
2.3.1.10 PolyvinylideneChloride 41
2.3.1.11 ThermoplasticPolyesters 41
2.3.1.12 Polycarbonate 42
2.3.1.13 Polyamide 43
2.3.1.14 Polymethylmethacrylate 44
2.3.1.15 PolyoxymethyleneorAcetalResin 45
2.3.1.16 PolyphenyleneEther(PPE) 45
2.3.1.17 Polysulfone 45
2.3.1.18 FluorideContainingPolymers 46
2.3.1.19 Polyvinylether 46
2.3.2 Thermosets 46
2.3.2.1 AminoResins(UF,MF) 47
2.3.2.2 UnsaturatedPolyester(UP) 47
2.3.3 Polyurethanes 48
2.3.4 NaturalandSyntheticRubber 49
2.3.5 Silicones 51
2.3.6 PlasticsBasedonNaturalPolymersRegeneratedCellulose 54
2.3.6.1 BiodegradablePolymers 54
2.3.7 CoatingsandAdhesives 55
2.3.7.1 Lacquers 56
2.3.7.2 PlasticDispersions 57
2.3.7.3 MicrocrystallineWaxes 57
2.3.7.4 Temperature-ResistantCoatings 58
2.3.7.5 PrintingInksandVarnishes 59
References 60
3 PolymerAdditives 63
JanPospíšilandStanislavNešpu°rek
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 AntifoggingAgents 64
3.3 AntistaticAgents 65
3.4 BlowingAgents 65
3.5 Colorants 66
3.6 FillersandReinforcingAgents 66
3.7 Lubricants 67
3.8 NucleatingAgents 67
3.9 OpticalBrighteners 68
Contents VII
3.10 Plasticizers 68
3.11 Stabilizers 70
3.11.1 Antiacids 71
3.11.2 Antimicrobials 72
3.11.3 Antioxidants 72
3.11.3.1 Chain-BreakingAntioxidants 73
3.11.3.2 HydroperoxideDeactivatingAntioxidants 74
3.11.4 DehydratingAgent 75
3.11.5 HeatStabilizers 75
3.11.6 LightStabilizers 76
3.11.6.1 LightScreeningPigmentsandUVAbsorbers 76
3.11.6.2 Photoantioxidants 77
3.12 TransformationProductsofPlasticStabilizers 78
3.12.1 TransformationProductsfromPhenolicAntioxidantsandUV
Absorbers 79
3.12.2 TransformationProductsfromHydroperoxideDeactivating
Antioxidants 83
3.12.3 TransformationProductsfromHinderedAmine
Stabilizers 84
3.12.4 TransformationProductsfromHeatStabilizersforPVC 85
3.13 Conclusions 86
References 86
4 PartitionCoefficients 89
AlbertBanerandOttoPiringer
4.1 ExperimentalDeterminationofPolymer/LiquidPartition
Coefficients 89
4.2 ThermodynamicsofPartitionCoefficients 90
4.2.1 EquilibriumBetweenDifferentPhasesinIdealSolutions 91
4.2.1.1 PartitioninginIdealSolutions:Nernst’sLaw 92
4.2.2 EquilibriumBetweenDifferentPhasesinNonidealSolutions 93
4.2.2.1 PartitionCoefficientsforNonidealSolutions 94
4.2.3 PartitionCoefficientsforSystemswithPolymers 96
4.2.4 RelationshipBetweenPartitionCoefficientsandSolubility
Coefficients 98
4.3 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsBetweenPolymersand
Liquids 99
4.3.1 AdditiveMolecularProperties 99
4.3.2 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsUsingQSARandQSPR 102
4.3.3 Group-ContributionThermodynamicPolymerPartitionCoefficient
EstimationMethods 102
4.3.3.1 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsUsingRST 104
4.3.3.2 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsUsingUNIFAC 104
4.3.3.3 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsUsingGroup-Contribution
FloryEquation-of-State 108
VIII Contents
4.3.3.4 EstimationofPartitionCoefficientsUsingElbroFreeVolumeModel 108
4.3.3.5 ComparisonofThermodynamicGroup-ContributionPartition
CoefficientEstimationMethods 108
4.3.4 VaporPressureIndexPartitionCoefficientEstimationMethod 109
4.3.4.1 ExamplesofVaporPressureIndexValues 112
References 118
5 ModelsforDiffusioninPolymers 123
PeterMercea
5.1 DiffusioninPolymers–TheClassicalApproach 125
5.1.1 DiffusioninRubberyPolymers 126
5.1.1.1 MolecularModels 126
5.1.1.2 TheMolecularModelofPaceandDatyner 129
5.1.1.3 Free-VolumeModels 131
5.1.1.4 TheFree-VolumeModelofVrentasandDuda 133
5.1.2 DiffusioninGlassyPolymers 135
5.2 DiffusioninPolymers–TheComputationalApproach 140
5.2.1 MolecularDynamics 142
5.2.2 TheTransition-StateApproach 150
5.3 Conclusions 154
References 158
6 AUniformModelforPredictionofDiffusionCoefficientswith
EmphasisonPlasticMaterials 163
OttoPiringer
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 InteractionModel 166
6.2.1 ModelAssumptions 166
6.3 PrerequisitesforDiffusionCoefficients 168
6.3.1 CriticalTemperaturesofn-Alkanes 168
6.3.2 MeltingTemperaturesofn-Alkanes 170
6.3.3 MeltingTemperaturesofAtomClusters 173
6.3.4 CriticalCompressionFactor 175
6.3.5 TheEntropyofEvaporation 175
6.3.6 TheReferenceTemperatureandtheReferenceMolarVolume 176
6.4 TheDiffusionCoefficient 178
6.4.1 DiffusioninGases 178
6.4.2 DiffusionintheCriticalState 181
6.4.3 DiffusioninSolids 181
6.4.3.1 Self-diffusionCoefficientsinMetals 181
6.4.3.2 Self-DiffusionCoefficientsinSemiconductorsandSalts 183
6.4.3.3 Self-DiffusionCoefficientsinn-Alkanes 184
6.4.4 DiffusioninLiquids 184
6.4.4.1 Self-DiffusionCoefficientsinMetals 184
6.4.4.2 Self-DiffusionCoefficientsinn-Alkanes 185
Contents IX
6.4.5 DiffusioninPlasticMaterials 188
6.4.5.1 DiffusionCoefficientsofn-AlkanesinPolyethylene 188
6.4.5.2 DiffusionCoefficientsofAdditivesinPolymers 191
References 193
7 TransportEquationsandTheirSolutions 195
OttoPiringerandTitusBeu
7.1 TheTransportEquations 195
7.1.1 TheTerminologyofFlow 196
7.1.2 TheDifferentialEquationsofDiffusion 197
7.1.3 TheGeneralTransportEquations 200
7.2 SolutionsoftheDiffusionEquation 201
7.2.1 SteadyState 202
7.2.2 NonsteadyState 202
7.2.3 DiffusioninaSingle-PhaseHomogeneousSystem 203
7.2.3.1 DimensionlessParametersandtheProportionalityofMassTransfer
totheSquareRootofTime 209
7.2.3.2 ComparisonofDifferentSolutionsfortheSameSpecialCases 212
7.2.4 DiffusioninMultiphaseSystems 213
7.2.4.1 DiffusioninPolymer=LiquidSystems 213
7.2.4.2 InfluenceofDiffusioninFood 224
7.2.5 SurfaceEvaporation 225
7.2.6 PermeationThroughHomogeneousMaterials 227
7.2.7 PermeationThroughaLaminate 228
7.2.8 ConcentrationDependenceoftheDiffusionCoefficient 228
7.2.9 DiffusionandChemicalReaction 229
7.3 NumericalSolutionsoftheDiffusionEquation 230
7.3.1 WhyNumericalSolutions? 230
7.3.2 Finite-DifferenceSolutionbytheExplicitMethod 231
7.3.2.1 vonNeumannStabilityAnalysis 236
7.3.2.2 TheCrank–NicholsonImplicitMethod 237
7.3.3 SpatiallyVariableDiffusionCoefficient 240
7.3.4 BoundaryConditions 241
7.3.5 One-DimensionalDiffusioninCylindricalandSpherical
Geometry 243
7.3.6 MultidimensionalDiffusion 245
References 246
8 SolutionoftheDiffusionEquationforMultilayerPackaging 247
ValerTosaandPeterMercea
8.1 Introduction 247
8.2 MethodsforSolvingtheDiffusionProbleminaMultilayer(ML)
Packaging 248
8.3 SolvingtheDiffusionEquationforaMultilayerPackagingin
ContactwithaFoodstuff 251