Nutraceuticals and natural product pharmaceuticals

368 Pages·2019·4.101 MB·English

by  Galanakis, Charis M

Nutraceuticals and Natural
Product Pharmaceuticals
This pageintentionallyleftblank
Nutraceuticals and Natural
Product Pharmaceuticals
Edited by
Charis M. Galanakis
Department of Research & Innovation, Galanakis Laboratories, Chania, Greece
Food Waste Recovery Group, ISEKI Food Association, Vienna, Austria
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Contents
List ofContributors..............................................................................................................................xi
Preface.................................................................................................................................................xv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals.........................1
Kata Trifkovic´ and Maja Benkovic´
1.1 ABrief History ofNutraceuticals andPharmaceuticals...........................................2
1.2 Nutraceuticals.............................................................................................................3
1.2.1 TheDefinition..................................................................................................3
1.2.2 What Is FunctionalFood?................................................................................4
1.2.3 Why Nutraceuticalsand Functional Foods?....................................................6
1.2.4 What CanBe Referred toas Nutraceuticals?..................................................7
1.2.5 Nutraceuticals inDiseasePrevention..............................................................7
1.3 Pharmaceuticals........................................................................................................13
1.3.1 TheDefinition................................................................................................13
1.3.2 Development..................................................................................................15
1.3.3 Chemical Composition and Classification....................................................19
1.3.4 Naturally-Based Pharmaceuticals..................................................................20
1.4 Legislation................................................................................................................21
1.4.1 Legislation on Pharmaceuticals.....................................................................21
1.4.2 Legislation on Nutraceuticals........................................................................21
1.5 The Differences andthe Overlapping......................................................................23
1.6 The Future Perspectives...........................................................................................24
1.6.1 What NeedstoBe Done?..............................................................................24
1.6.2 NovelTrends in Nutraceuticals Production..................................................24
References.................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 2 Nutrigenomics and Antioxidants........................................................33
Bilyaminu Abubakar, Ooi DerJiun, Maznah Ismail
and Mustapha Umar Imam
2.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................34
2.2 Nutrigenomics..........................................................................................................35
2.3 Antioxidants and Their Mode of Action.................................................................36
2.4 Nutrigenomic Basis ofAntioxidant Vitamins.........................................................41
2.4.1 Vitamin A.......................................................................................................41
2.4.2 Vitamin C.......................................................................................................44
v
vi Contents
2.4.3 Vitamin D.......................................................................................................44
2.4.4 Vitamin E.......................................................................................................45
2.5 Nutrigenomic Basis of AntioxidantMineral Elements...........................................46
2.5.1 Magnesium.....................................................................................................46
2.5.2 Molybdenum..................................................................................................46
2.5.3 Manganese......................................................................................................50
2.5.4 Selenium.........................................................................................................50
2.5.5 Chromium.......................................................................................................51
2.6 Nutrigenomic Basis of AntioxidantPhytochemicals..............................................51
2.6.1 Polyphenols....................................................................................................51
2.6.2 Flavonoids......................................................................................................58
2.6.3 Sulforaphane...................................................................................................60
2.7 Conclusions..............................................................................................................60
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................61
References.................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 3 Plant Secondary Metabolites With Hepatoprotective
Efficacy................................................................................................71
Ashutosh Gupta and Abhay K.Pandey
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................71
3.2 Liver Diseases and Their Overview........................................................................72
3.3 PhysiologicalRole of Liver.....................................................................................73
3.3.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism..............................................................................73
3.3.2 Fat Metabolism..............................................................................................74
3.3.3 Protein Metabolism andStorage of Vitamins...............................................74
3.3.4 Neutralization ofToxic Substance................................................................74
3.4 Mode ofHepatotoxicity...........................................................................................74
3.4.1 Reactive Metabolites Formation....................................................................74
3.4.2 Lipid Peroxidation andRedoxCycling.........................................................75
3.4.3 Effect of ChemicalAgents onMajorCellularSystems................................75
3.4.4 ModificationinCalcium Homeostasis..........................................................75
3.4.5 Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity........................................................................76
3.5 Phytochemicals.........................................................................................................79
3.5.1 Current Status of Therapeutic Plants.............................................................80
3.5.2 HepatoprotectiveProperties of Phytochemicals and Their Mode
ofAction........................................................................................................80
3.6 Conclusion................................................................................................................91
Acknowledgment......................................................................................................94
References.................................................................................................................94
Further Reading......................................................................................................104
Contents vii
CHAPTER 4 Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Human Health.....................105
Marı´a de laLuz Ca´diz Gurrea,So´niaSoares,
FranciscoJavierLeyva Jime´nez, A´lvaro Ferna´ndezOchoa,
Diana Pinto,Cristina Delerue-Matos, AntonioSeguraCarretero
and FranciscaRodrigues
Abbreviations..........................................................................................................105
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................106
4.2 Cardiovascular Diseases.........................................................................................107
4.3 Cancer.....................................................................................................................111
4.4 Metabolic Syndrome..............................................................................................113
4.5 Diabetes..................................................................................................................118
4.6 Neurodegenerative Diseases..................................................................................124
4.7 Overall Mortality....................................................................................................127
4.8 Conclusion..............................................................................................................129
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................130
References...............................................................................................................130
CHAPTER 5 Optimizing Performance Under High-Altitude Stressful
Conditions Using Herbal Extracts and Nutraceuticals....................141
Geetha Suryakumar,RichaRathor, AkankshaAgrawal,
Som Nath Singh and Bhuvnesh Kumar
5.1 High Altitude, Hypobaric Hypoxia, and OxidativeStress....................................142
5.2 High Altitude(cid:1)Induced Maladies..........................................................................142
5.3 Imbalance inRedox Homeostasis Affects SkeletalMuscle..................................143
5.4 SkeletalMuscle Atrophy at High Altitude............................................................144
5.5 Herbs for HighAltitude Maladies: Literature Citation.........................................146
5.6 Multiple StressAnimal Model for Evaluation of Adaptogenic Activity..............147
5.7 Herbal Adaptogens/PerformanceEnhancers.........................................................148
5.7.1 Panax Ginseng..............................................................................................148
5.7.2 Ginkgo Biloba..............................................................................................149
5.7.3 Withania Somnifera.....................................................................................150
5.7.4 OcimumSanctum.........................................................................................151
5.8 CompositeIndianHerbal Preparation-I.................................................................151
5.9 CompositeIndianHerbal Preparation-II................................................................152
5.10 SeaBuckthorn asAdaptogen.................................................................................152
5.11 Curcumin................................................................................................................154
5.12 Rhodiola Imbricata.................................................................................................155
5.13 Ganoderma Lucidum..............................................................................................156
5.13.1 Emblica Officinalis....................................................................................157
5.13.2 Cordyceps Sinensis....................................................................................158
5.14 Conclusion..............................................................................................................159
viii Contents
References...............................................................................................................159
Further Reading......................................................................................................166
CHAPTER 6 Nutraceuticals and Metabolic Syndrome........................................167
Jacob A. Walker, Benjamin M. Dorsey and Marjorie A. Jones
6.1 What Are Nutraceuticalsand How Do They Differ From Supplements?............168
6.2 Metabolic SyndromeDefined................................................................................168
6.3 Diagnostic Criteria.................................................................................................170
6.4 Obesityand Hyperlipidemia..................................................................................170
6.5 Lipoproteins, Cholesterol,and Atherosclerosis.....................................................172
6.6 Hyperglycemia.......................................................................................................173
6.7 Hypertension (High Blood Pressure).....................................................................173
6.8 C-Reactive Protein.................................................................................................173
6.9 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1................................................................................174
6.10 Reactive Oxygen Species and General Ways toDetoxifyThem.........................174
6.11 Therapy/Treatment After Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome...............................177
6.11.1 Obesity andHyperlipidemia Therapy/Treatment......................................177
6.11.2 Cholesterol Therapy/Treatment.................................................................177
6.11.3 Hyperglycemia andDiabetes Therapy/Treatment.....................................178
6.11.4 C-ReactiveProtein Therapy/Treatment.....................................................178
6.11.5 Insulin-LikeGrowth Factor-1 Therapy/Treatment....................................178
6.11.6 Hypertension..............................................................................................179
6.12 Role(s)ofNutraceuticals.......................................................................................179
6.12.1 An Overview ofUsesof Nutraceuticals inthe Treatment
ofMetabolic Syndrome.............................................................................179
6.12.2 TraditionalChineseMedicine inthe Treatment ofMetabolic
Syndrome...................................................................................................179
6.12.3 Various NutraceuticalsSold toand Used bythe Public With
orWithout ConsultationWith Their Physicians.......................................181
6.12.4 Excipients Used inNutraceuticals.............................................................183
6.13 Side Effects ofNutraceuticals................................................................................185
6.14 Final Thoughtson the Futureof Nutraceuticals....................................................185
References...............................................................................................................187
Further Reading......................................................................................................195
CHAPTER 7 Food Matrices That Improve the Oral Bioavailability of
Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals...............................................197
Sheila C. Oliveira-Alves, Ana Teresa Serra and Maria R.Bronze
7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................197
7.2 The Concept of Bioaccessibility,Bioavailability,andBioactivity.......................199
Contents ix
7.3 Factors That Limit the Oral Bioavailability ofLipophilic Bioactive Agents......201
7.3.1 Bioaccessibility............................................................................................203
7.3.2 Absorption....................................................................................................204
7.3.3 Transformation.............................................................................................208
7.4 Food Matrix Design That Improve the Oral Bioavailability ofLipophilic
Compounds.............................................................................................................209
7.4.1 Delivery Systems.........................................................................................209
7.4.2 Excipient Systems........................................................................................220
7.5 Conclusion..............................................................................................................222
References...............................................................................................................222
Further Reading......................................................................................................231
CHAPTER 8 Innovative Sources...........................................................................235
Lavinia FlorinaCa˘linoiu,AncaFa˘rcas¸, SoniaSocaci
and Dan Cristian Vodnar
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................235
8.2 InnovativeSourcesof Nutraceuticals....................................................................236
8.3 Factors thatInfluencethe Biological Properties ofBioactiveCompounds
fromAgro-Industrial By-Products.........................................................................243
8.3.1 DigestionProcess.........................................................................................243
8.3.2 FoodProcessing...........................................................................................250
8.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................251
Acknowledgment....................................................................................................252
References...............................................................................................................252
Further Reading......................................................................................................265
CHAPTER 9 Ethno-Pharmaceutical Formulations................................................267
Hikoichiro Maegawa
9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................267
9.2 History....................................................................................................................268
9.3 Pharmacopoeia.......................................................................................................269
9.4 WHO Monographs onSelected Medicinal Plants.................................................269
9.4.1 Volume 1......................................................................................................270
9.4.2 Volume 2......................................................................................................270
9.4.3 Volume 3......................................................................................................283
9.4.4 Volume 4......................................................................................................283
9.4.5 Commonly Used inthe Newly Independent States....................................290
9.5 EuropeanUnion Monograph..................................................................................290
9.6 BotanicalDrugs inthe United States....................................................................300
9.7 Herbal Medicinal Products inJapan......................................................................301