New Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an Adhesive for Earthen

228 Pages·2016·5.69 MB·English

by  Emily M. Aloiz

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff PPeennnnssyyllvvaanniiaa
SScchhoollaarrllyyCCoommmmoonnss
Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation
2011
NNeeww IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonnss iinnttoo aa HHiissttoorriicc TTrreeaattmmeenntt:: TThhee EEffifficcaaccyy ooff
GGeellaattiinn aass aann AAddhheessiivvee ffoorr EEaarrtthheenn FFiinniisshheess aatt MMeessaa VVeerrddee
NNaattiioonnaall PPaarrkk
Emily M. Aloiz
University of Pennsylvania
Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses
Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons
Aloiz, Emily M., "New Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an Adhesive for
Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park" (2011). Theses (Historic Preservation). 178.
https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/178
Suggested Citation:
Aloiz, Emily M. (2011). New Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an Adhesive for
Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/178
For more information, please contact [email protected].
NNeeww IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonnss iinnttoo aa HHiissttoorriicc TTrreeaattmmeenntt:: TThhee EEffifficcaaccyy ooff GGeellaattiinn aass aann
AAddhheessiivvee ffoorr EEaarrtthheenn FFiinniisshheess aatt MMeessaa VVeerrddee NNaattiioonnaall PPaarrkk
AAbbssttrraacctt
This thesis comes out of years of work beginning in 1994 undertaken by Frank Matero and the University
of Pennsylvania to stabilize the earthen surface finishes of Mesa Verde National Park in Southwestern
Colorado. The aim of this research is to better understand the performance and deterioration
mechanisms for gelatin treatments used to reattach earthen plasters and washes. Threats to the
treatment method include biodeterioration and failure due to wet-dry cycles and humidity fluctuations.
The adhesive’s durability to these weathering phenomena was researched and evaluated through testing
proxy samples in the Architectural Conservation Laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania. (All tests
conducted are listed in the Testing Matrix: Appendix A)
The goals of this project were to:
• Understand the properties, manufacturing process, history and use in conservation of
gelatin as an adhesive and identify its greatest vulnerabilities
• Evaluate the bond strength and wet-dry and freeze-thaw deterioration that can occur once
the gelatin treatment has been applied to earthen finishes in formulations that include
glycerin as an additive
• Determine the most effective method of testing a conservation material’s bioreceptivity
and apply it to gelatin
• Synthesize new data and data from previous research to establish climatic conditions for
optimal performance of gelatin at Mesa Verde and other earthen sites
DDiisscciipplliinneess
Historic Preservation and Conservation
CCoommmmeennttss
Suggested Citation:
Aloiz, Emily M. (2011). New Investigations into a Historic Treatment: The Efficacy of Gelatin as an
Adhesive for Earthen Finishes at Mesa Verde National Park. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA.
This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/178
NEW INVESTIGATIONS INTO A HISTORIC TREATMENT:
THE EFFICACY OF GELATIN AS AN ADHESIVE
FOR EARTHEN FINISHES AT MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK

Emily Marie Aloiz

A THESIS

in

Historic Preservation

Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION

2011

______________________
Advisor
Frank Matero
Professor of Architecture

______________________
Program Chair
Randall F. Mason
Associate Professor of Architecture
For Fredrick E. Aloiz, in memoriam

ii
A
CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank many people for their invaluable influence, on myself as a
student of conservation, and on the analysis of an adhesive in this thesis. First of all, I
would like to thank my advisor, Frank Matero, for his ideas and insights into the
treatment practices at Mesa Verde and how to evaluate their longevity. I would also like
to thank Victoria Pingaron Alvarez: I would not have been able to perform laboratory
testing without her knowledge and support. Another essential contributor to this work is
Michael Henry. His assessment of environmental variables challenged me to think more
critically and his insights as a practitioner helped me to design a field test for
bioreceptivity at Mesa Verde.
Thanks are owed to Elena Charola for her insights into the evaluation of
biodeterioration and two graduate biology students-- Aurora MacRae-Crerar and Laura
Fox --who graciously let me ask them questions about fungi. Behrooz Salimnejad, a
conservator at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, graciously allowed me to experience his
work consolidating finishes with fish glue. Amila Ferron’s ingenuity in sample creation
aided this thesis immensely. John Hinchman and the staff at the Fabrication Lab were
indispensible for their technical expertise. I would also like to thank the gelatin
professionals at GELITA North America, Rousselot, Inc. and PB Leiner for sharing their
knowledge of the industrial gelatin manufacturing process and Mesa Verde National Park
for their continued collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania.
The staff of the Historic Preservation Department have facilitated the production
of this thesis, especially Karen Gomez with her outstanding administrative assistance and
support. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family who have offered
encouragement and support throughout the entire process. They believed in me even
when I did not believe in myself. And the most heartfelt thanks to my classmates whose
enduring support proved that perseverance can only be archived by communal effort.

iii
T
ABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
List of Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Selecting and Organic Adhesive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Introduction to Mesa Verde National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Finish Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Gelatin Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 Treatment Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Previous Gelatin Adhesive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Current Treatment Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.0 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1 Characterization of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.1 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.2 Particle Size Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.1.3 pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
2.1.4 Soluble Salts and Calcium Carbonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
2.1.5 Atterberg Limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
2.1.6 Clay Minerology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
2.2 Coupon Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.0 Gelatin Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.1 Gelatin as an Adhesive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 Availability, Affordability, Ease of Application. . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2 Stability/ Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.3 Elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.4 Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.1.5 Bond Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.6 Reversibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.7 Sustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.1.8 Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

iv
3.2 History of Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3 Gelatin as a Conservation Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.4 Food Grade Gelatin as an Adhesive at Mesa Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.1 Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.2 Structure and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
3.4.3 Qualities of Food Grade Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

4.0 Accelerated Weathering Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1 Coupon Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.1.1 Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4.1.2 Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.3 Conditions Treated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 Weathering Testing Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..75
4.2.1 Freeze-Thaw Durability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.2.2 Selected Freeze-Thaw Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
4.2.3 Wet-Dry Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
4.2.4 Selected Wet-Dry Durability Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.5 Bond Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.6 Selected Bond Strength Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 Results of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.1 Freeze-Thaw Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.2 Wet-Dry Durability Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
4.3.3 Results of Humidity Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.3.4 Bond Strength Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.4 Durability Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

5.0 Biodeterioration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
5.1 Biodeterioration in Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2 Biological Threats to the Gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
5.3 Bioreceptivity Testing Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.3.1 Testing Methodologies for Mesa Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.3.2 Selected Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.3.3 Application of Consolidant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
5.5.4 Monitoring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.5.6 Analysis and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

6.0 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

v
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Appendix A: Testing Matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Appendix B: Soil Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
Appendix C.1: Soil Characterization Data from 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
Appendix C.2: Atterburg Limit Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Appendix D: Sample Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Appendix E: Environment Data from Weathering Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Appendix F: Photographic Results of Durability Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
--Freeze-Thaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
--Wet-Dry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
--Relative Humidity Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Appendix G1: Freeze-Thaw: All Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
Appendix G2: Blistering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Appendix G3: Curling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Appendix G4: Total Detachment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Appendix G5: Wet-Dry Detachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Appendix H: Bond Strength Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 209
Appendix I: Monitoring Equipment Data Sheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Appendix J: Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

vi
L
IST OF FIGURES

1.1 Hand print pictograph at Spruce Tree House. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Granulated gelatin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Photomicrograph of wash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2 Photomicrograph of plaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1 Application of fish glue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Glue production in Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 43
3.3 The Rideal-Slotte Viscosimeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 Kissling’s Consistency Apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5 Hulbert’s jelly strength apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 Eastman Kodak Company jelly strength apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.7 LFRA Texture Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.8 The denuration of collagen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.9 Type A gelatin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1 Author pouring hot liquid into partially dissolved gelatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2 Water bath to warm gelatin solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3 Treatment: Injection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4 Treatment: Readhesion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.5 Coupon trays in the freezer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.6 Baker’s rack with trays containing coupons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
4.7 Frozen coupon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.8 Photomicrograph of 5% gelatin crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
4.9 Photomicrograph of 5%gelatin and 10% glycerin solution crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.10 Blistered sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
4.11 Cupping and curling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
4.12 Bond strength test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1 Fungal reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 Dressen and Guilliette’s inoculation chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.3 Environmental chamber for inoculation and incubation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.4 Draw-down tool in use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.5 Consolidant application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.6 Applied gelatin consolidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.7 U23 Pro v2 data logger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
5.8 Sample graph of data logger information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

vii
L
IST OF TABLES
1.1 2010 Weather data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.2 Previous gelatin treatment tests and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Color tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Particle size distribution tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 pH tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Previous pH testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5 pH test results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Soluble salts tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 20
2.7 Salts present in the wash mixture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8 Liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
2.9 Plasticity index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2.10 Previous Atterburg testing results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 25
2.11 Clay mineralogy tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
3.1 Plasticity characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.2 Setting characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.3 Parameters for food grade gelatin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4 MP Biolmedicals, Gelatin, Type A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
4.1 Freeze-Thaw durability methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
4.2 Wet-Dry durability methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
4.3 Bond strength durability methodologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
4.4 Freeze-Thaw deterioration by coupon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
5.1 Bioreceptivity articles with testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119-120
5.2 ASTM bioreceptive tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
5.3 Testing protocol evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
5.4 Monitoring equipment specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

viii