Neck and Arm Pain Syndromes

551 Pages·2011·50.02 MB·English

Neck and Arm
Pain Syndromes
CommissioningEditor:RitaDemetriou-Swanwick
DevelopmentEditor:AilsaLaing
ProjectManager:BeulaChristopher
Designer:CharlesGray
IllustrationManager:BruceHogarth
Illustrator:GraemeChambers
Neck and Arm
Pain Syndromes
Evidence-informed screening, diagnosis and management
Edited by
Ce´sar Ferna´ndez de las Pen˜as, PT, DO, PhD
Head, Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Joshua A Cleland, PT, PhD
Professor, Franklin Pierce University, Concord, New Hampshire
Peter A Huijbregts, PT, MSc, MHSc, DPT, OCS, FAAOMPT, FCAMT
Assistant Professor, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, St. Augustine, Florida
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Preface
Themostobviousreasonforproducingabookonneckandarmpainsyndromesisthefrequency
withwhichthesecomplaintsoccur.ADutchgeneralpopulationstudynoted1-yearprevalencefor
neck pain of 31.4% (Picavet & Schouten 2003). In that same study, 30.3% of people reported
shoulder, 11.2% elbow, and 17.5% wrist or hand pain over the course of a year (Picavet &
Schouten 2003). Radhakrishnan et al (1994) reported an annual incidence of cervical radicular
symptoms of 83.2 per 100 000 in a US general population study. Closely related in a functional
and anatomical sense and discussed in this text as often relevant to management of neck and
arm pain, the reported 1-year prevalence for thoracic spine pain was found to range between
3.5–34.8% (Briggs et al 2009). Reported 1-year prevalence of upper extremity musculoskeletal
disorders ranged from 2.3–41% (Huisstede et al 2006). In 1992, in the province of Ontario in
Canada,thesedisorders constituted up to24%oflost-time workers’compensation claims andin
the US in 1989 the total workers’ compensation costs for such disorders was estimated at $563
million (Webster & Snook 1994, Polanyi et al 1997). More data on the epidemiology of neck
andarmpainsyndromesisprovidedinChapter1andthepathology-specificchaptersthroughout
thistextandunderlinestherelevanceofthistextbook.
Morerelevanteventothereadersofthisbookarethosepeoplewithneckandarmpainthatgo
on toseek outhealthcare servicesfor thediagnosis and management oftheir complaints. Inthe
Netherlands, a family physician in an average-sized practice can expect to see 147 new cases of
non-traumatic arm, neck, and shoulder complaints each year (Feleus et al 2008). At almost four
times the incidence of consultations for wrist, hand/finger, or tennis elbow complaints, Bot et al
(2005)reportedneckfollowedbyshouldersymptomsasthemostfrequentreasonforgeneralprac-
ticevisitsforneckandupperextremitycomplaints.Boissonnault(1999)reportedonUSoutpatient
physicaltherapyclinicsnotingthat16%ofpatientshadcervical,11%shoulder, and0.04%wrist
andhand-relateddiagnoses.Occupationaltherapists,chiropractors,osteopaths,massagetherapists,
and acupuncturists are other groups that will likely see patients with neck and arm pain in their
clinical practice. In-depth knowledge and adequate skills with regard to screening, diagnosis,
and management of these patients is relevant to these professionals, especially as direct-access
increasinglybecomesthenorm.
Thepractice paradigmwehavechosenfor thisbook istheevidence-informed paradigm.Ithas
been more than 30 years since a group of clinical epidemiologists at McMaster University intro-
duced the evidence-based practice paradigm to replace the traditional medical paradigm (Guyatt
2002).Thedefiningcharacteristicofthetraditionalparadigmwasthatthediagnosisandmanage-
ment were guided mainly by a patho-physiologic rationale and by knowledge provided by
respectedauthoritiesinthefield.Withitsemphasisonexpertopinion,thistraditionalmedicalpar-
adigmhasbeencalledtheauthority-basedoralso,somewhattongue-in-cheek,theeminence-based
medicineparadigm(Poolmanetal2007).However,theevidence-basedpracticeparadigmhasmet
andcontinuestomeetwithconsiderableresistancefromtheclinicalfield.Itsearlydefinitionasthe
‘conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the
care of individual patients’ (Sackett et al 1996), seemed to mirror the often-heard criticisms of
over-relianceonresearchevidenceattheexpenseofclinicalexpertiseandexperienceanddisregard
ofsocialcontext.Andalthoughevidence-basedpracticehasevolvedtowhereitnowadoptsamore
vii
Preface
inclusive view of evidence (which recognizes not only the value of different research designs but
alsoofclinicalexpertise,patientvaluesandpreferences,andevencontextualfactorsintheclinical
decision-making process (Rycroft-Malone 2008)), the evidence-informed paradigm has been
suggestedasmoreappropriate,inwhichthecliniciantakestheevidencefromresearchintoaccount
whenmakingaclinicaldecisionwithregardtopatientmanagement,butwhereevidencedoesnot
dictatethedecision(Bohart2005,Pencheon2005).
Throughout this text, chapter authors integrate clinical experience and expertise and reasoning
based on a pathophysiologic rationale with current best evidence, thereby in effect combining
the best of the traditional and evidence-based paradigms in a new paradigm truly representative
of what clinicians do in everyday clinical practice. We believe that this approach has made for a
textbookthattrulyprovidespracticingclinicianswithwhattheyneedtoknowforreal-lifescreen-
ing,diagnosisandmanagementofpatientswithneckandarmpainsyndromes.
Spain,USA&Canada,2009 Ce´sarFerna´ndez-de-las-Pen˜as
JoshuaACleland
PeterAHuijbregts
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viii
In Memoriam
Peter Huijbregts
WearegreatlysaddenedbythesuddenlossofourclosefriendandcolleaguePeterHuijbregts,who
passedawayonNovember6th2010.Thisisagreattragedyandaterriblelosstohisfamilyandfriends,
the profession of physical therapy, and indeed to society in general. We are also saddened by the
countlessindividualswhowillneverhaveachancetobepersonallyinfluencedbyhim.Peterwasone
ofthoseindividualsyouneverforgotifyouwerefortunateenoughtohavehimcrossyourpath.
WewereawareofPeter’ssubstantialcontributiontothephysicaltherapyprofessionwellbefore
wehadanopportunitytomeetandworkwithhimpersonally.Wefirstbecamefriendsduringhis
tenure as Editor for the Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy. Since that time he has had a
hugeinfluenceonbothourprofessionallives.Wehavebeenfortunateenoughtoworkwithhim
asco-editorsonthistextbook,aswellasonmanypeer-reviewedpublications.
Peterwaswonderfullyarticulateandneveratalossforwords.Wecanrecallnumerouslateeve-
ningsspentatnationalconferencesenjoyingconversationswithPeter,whowouldfrequentlymen-
tion his love for his wife Rap, and his two children, Arun Joseph and Annika Dani. Peter had a
terrificpassionforbothhispersonalandhisprofessionallife.
Hewasalwaysupfordiscussingthehistoricaloriginsofmanualtherapyorthecurrentevidence
supporting the effectiveness of interventions. We will never forget his sense of humour – many
timesPeterentertainedtheroomwithhiswitandcomedy.
Peterhashadaremarkableinfluenceonmanyprofessionalswhohavebeenfortunateenoughto
encounterhim.Hispassingwillleaveahugevoidinthemanualtherapycommunityaroundtheworld.
Peterwastrulyagreatgentleman,awisescholarandaninspiringman.
Wewillmisshimgreatly.
Ce´sarandJosh
ix
Contributors
HilmirAgustsson,MHSc,DPT,MTC,CFC DouglasSCreighton,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT
AssistantProfessor AssistantProfessor
LeadCourseWriter OaklandUniversity
UniversityofSt.Augustine Rochester,Michigan
St.Augustine,Florida
StevenCAllen,PT,MSc,OCS,FAAOMPT ArthurdeGast,MD,PhD
Orthopedicsurgeon
ClinicDirector
HeadClinicalOrthopedicResearchCentermidden-Nederland
LibertyLakePhysicalTherapy
DepartmentofOrthopedics
TherapeuticAssociates,Inc.
DiakonessenhuisUtrecht/ZeistDoorn
LibertyLake,Washington
TheNetherlands
LarsArendt-Nielsen,Dr.Med.Sci.,PhD,FRSM
Professor BryanSDennison,PT,DPT,MPT,OCS,CSCS,FAAOMPT
CenterforSensory-MotorInteraction SummitPhysicalTherapy
DepartmentofHealthScienceandTechnology MammothLakes,California
AalborgUniversity AffiliateFaculty
Aalborg,Denmark Rueckert-HartmanCollegeforHealthProfessions
RegisUniversity
CarelBron,PT,MT Denver,Colorado
PhysicalTherapistandManualTherapist
PrivatePracticeforPhysicalTherapyforNeck,
ShoulderandArmDisorders AndrewDilley,BSc,PhD
Groningen,TheNetherlands LecturerinAnatomy
BrightonandSussexMedicalSchool
JoshuaACleland,PT,PhD UniversityofSussex
Professor Brighton,UK
FranklinPierceUniversity
Concord,NewHampshire JanDommerholt,PT,DPT,MPS,DAAPM
BethesdaPhysiocare/MyopainSeminars
AmyECook,PT,MS
Bethesda,Maryland
ContractPhysicalTherapist
NorthCanton,Ohio
WilliamEgan,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT
ChadECook,PT,PhD,MBA ClinicalAssistantProfessor
ProfessorandChair DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy
DivisionofPhysicalTherapy CollegeofHealthProfessions
WalshUniversity TempleUniversity
NorthCanton,Ohio Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
xi
Contributors
Ce´sarFerna´ndezdelasPen˜as,PT,DO,PhD RubyGrewal,MD,MSc,FRCSC
Head,DivisionofPhysicalTherapy AssistantProfessor
DepartmentofPhysiotherapy DepartmentofSurgery
FacultyofHealthSciences UniversityofWesternOntario
UniversityReyJuanCarlos HandandUpperLimbCenter
Madrid,Spain Ontario,Canada
TimothyFlynn,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT WayneHing,PhD,MSc(Hons),ADP(OMT),DipMT,
DistinguishedProfessor
DipPhys,FNZCP
RockyMountainUniversityofHealthProfessions
AssociateProfessor
Provo,Utah
AucklandUniversityofTechnology
Auckland,NewZealand
JoLMFranssen,PT
PhysicalTherapist
PrivatePracticeforPhysicalTherapyforNeck, PeterAHuijbregts,PT,MSc,MHSc,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT,
ShoulderandArmDisorders FCAMT[Deceased]
Groningen,TheNetherlands AssistantProfessor
UniversityofSt.AugustineforHealthSciences
BJaneFreure,BSc(PT),MManipTher(AU),FCAMT, St.Augustine,Florida
Dip.SportPT
Physiotherapist AnaIsabel-de-la-Llave-Rinco´n,PT,MSc,PhD
D3Physiotherapy ProfessorofPhysicalTherapy
StJoseph’sHealthCare DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy
Ontario,Canada OccupationalTherapy
RehabilitationandPhysicalMedicineFacultyofHealthSciences
GaryFryer,PhD,BSc(Osteopathy),ND UniversityofReyJuanCarlos
SeniorLecturer
Madrid,Spain
OsteopathicMedicineUnit
SchoolofBiomedicalandHealthSciences
MarkAJones,BSc(Psych),CertPhysTher,
VictoriaUniversity
GradDipAdvManipTher,MAppSc
Melbourne,Australia
SeniorLecturer,ProgramDirector
ResearchAssociateProfessor
GraduateProgramsinMusculoskeletal
A.T.StillResearchInstitute
andSportsPhysiotherapy
A.T.StillUniversityofHealthSciences
SchoolofHealthSciences
Kirksville,Missouri
UniversityofSouthAustralia
Adelaide,Australia
Hong-YouGe,MD,PhD
AssociateProfessor
CenterforSensory–MotorInteraction FreddyMKaltenborn,PT,OMT,ATC,PhD(Hon)
DepartmentofHealthScienceandTechnology Physicaltherapist,OrthopaedicManipulativetherapist,Athletic
AalborgUniversity trainercertificate,Chiropractor,Osteopath
Aalborg,Denmark Scheidegg,Germany
PaulEGlynn,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT TraudiBaldaufKaltenborn,PT,OMT
SupervisorofStaffDevelopmentandClinicalResearch
Physicaltherapist,Orthopaedicmanipulativetherapist
Newton-WellesleyHospital
Scheidegg,Germany
NewtonLowerFalls,Massachusetts
FounderandOwnerofPhysicalTherapyinCollaboration
Sudbury,Massachusetts CarolKennedy,BScPT,MClSc(manip),FCAMPT
Partner
AdjunctFaculty
TreloarPhysiotherapyClinic
RegisUniversity
BritishColumbia,Canada
Denver,Colorado
JaneGreening,MCSP,MSc,PhD,FMACP ShaneKoppenhaver,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT
VisitingResearchFellow AssistantProfessor
BrightonandSussexMedicalSchool USArmy/BaylorUniversityDoctoralProgramin
UniversityofSussex PhysicalTherapy
Brighton,UK SanAntonio,Texas
xii
Contributors
JohnRKrauss,PT,PhD,OCS,FAAOMPT UniversityofToronto
AssociateProfessor Toronto,Canada
OaklandUniversity
Rochester,Michigan PaulMintken,PT,DPT,OCS,FAAOMPT
AssistantProfessor
MichaelHLeal,PT,DPT,MPT,OCS PhysicalTherapyProgram
StaffPhysicalTherapist SchoolofMedicine
PresbyterianIntercommunityHospital UniversityofColorado
Whittier,California Denver,Colorado
AdjunctFaculty
DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy KieranO’Sullivan,BScPT(Hons),MManipTher
SpecialistMusculoskeletalPhysiotherapist
AzusaPacificUniversity
LecturerinPhysiotherapy
Azusa,California
UniversityofLimerick
AffiliateFaculty
Limerick,Ireland
Rueckert-HartmanCollegeforHealthProfessions
RegisUniversity
LucaPadua,MD,PhD
Denver,Colorado
ProfessorofNeurology
DepartmentofNeurosciences
AdriaanLouw,PT,M.App.Sc(Physio),GCRM,CSMT
InstituteofNeurology
SeniorInstructor
CatholicUniversity
InternationalSpineandPainInstituteandNeuroOrthopaedic
Rome,Italy
Institute
DonCGnocchiFoundation
StoryCity,Iowa
Milan,Italy
JoyCMacDermid,BSc,BScPT,MSc,PhD
CostanzaPazzaglia,MD
AssociateProfessor
PostgraduateStudent
SchoolofRehabilitationScience
DepartmentofNeurosciences
McMasterUniversity
InstituteofNeurology
Hamilton,Ontario
Universita` CattolicadelSacroCuore
Co-directorofClinicalResearch
Rome,Italy
HandandUpperLimbCentre
DonCGnocchiFoundation
London,Ontario,Canada
Milan,Italy
MaryEMagarey,PhD,FACP,GradDipAdvManipTher ErlandPettman,PT,OMT,FCAMT
SpecialistMusculoskeletalandSportsPhysiotherapist
AssociateProfessor
SeniorLecturerandCoordinator(Sports)
Post-professionalProgram
GraduateProgramsinMusculoskeletaland
DepartmentofPhysicalTherapy
SportsPhysiotherapy
AndrewsUniversity
SchoolofHealthSciences
BerrienSprings,Michigan
UniversityofSouthAustralia
Adelaide,Australia AndrzejPilat,PT
Director
JohnsonMcEvoy,BSc,MSc,DPT,MISCP,MCSP,PT MyofascialTherapySchool“Tupimek”
UnitedPhysiotherapyClinic PostgraduateProgramPhysiotherapySchoolONCE
HeadPhysiotherapistIrishBoxingTeam UniversiadAuto´noma
ExternalLecturerBSc(SportsScience) Madrid,Spain
UniversityofLimerick
Limerick,Ireland EllenJPong,OT,PT,BA,MOT,DPT
PhysicalandOccupationalTherapist
JackMiller,BSc,PT,DipMT(NZ),MClSc,FCAMT SacredHeartRehabilitationatPace
AdjunctClinicalProfessor OnlineInstructor
FacultyofHealthScience UniversityofSt.AugustineforHealthSciences
SchoolofPhysicalTherapy St.Augustine,Florida
UniversityofWesternOntario
London,Canada JanetteWPowell,PT,MHSc,OCS,STC
Lecturer SupervisorofPerformanceMedicine
FacultyofMedicine CirqueduSoleil‘O’
DepartmentofRehabilitationMedicine LasVegas,Nevada
xiii