Table Of ContentNationalism in Asia and Africa
By the same author
England and the Middle East
The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire 1914-21
Nationalism
Afghani and •A bduh
An Essay on Religious Unbelief and
Politiat.l Activism in Modem Islam
The Chatham House Version
and Other Middle-Eastern Studies
NATIONALISM
IN ASIA AND AFRICA
Edited with an Introduction
by ELIE KEDOURIE
L'invasion des idees a succede
a
/'invasion des barbares.
CHATEAUBRIAND
FRANK CASS : LONDON
© Elie Kedourie 1970
First published in the United States of America in 1970
by The New American Library Inc., in association
with The World Publishing Company
Published simultaneously in Canada by Nelson,
Foster & Scott Ltd.
First published in Great Britain in 1971 by
George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd.
published by Frank Cassin 1974.
Transferred to Digital Printing 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical
photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
permission of the copyright owner.
FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
ISBN 0 7146 3046 2 (Case)
ISBN 0 7146 3045 4 (Paper)
for MICHAEL OAKSHOTT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to the following for their kind permission to pub
lish extracts:
Messrs. George Allen and Unwin and Columbia University Press (Z.
Gokalp, Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization); Presence Afri
caine (Cheikh Anta Diop, Nations negres et culture); Mrs. A. Jacques
Garvey (Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey); Harvard Uni
versity Press (R. K. Hall, Kokutai No Hongi); Controller, Her Majesty's
Stationery Office (Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Disturbances
in the Gold Coast, 1948. Colonial no. 231, and Note from the Ministry
of the Interior to Sir Eldon Gorst, Public Record Office, F.O. 371/890);
General Administration Department, Government of Maharashtra (Source
Material for a History of the Freedom Movement in India); Oxford
University Press (J. M. Kariuki, 'Mau Mau' Detainee); Dr. E. Andersson
and Uppsala Universsitet Institutionen for allmlin och jamforande et
nografi (E. Andersson, Messianic Popular Movements in the Lower
Congo); Andre Deutsch Ltd. (T. Mboya, Freedom and After); Mac
Gibbon and Kee Ltd., (F. Fanon, The Damned, trs. C. Farington). M.A.
Bennigsen has kindly given permission for an English translation of
articles by Sultan Galiev given in a French version in A. Bennigsen and
C. Quelquejay, Les Mouvements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie.
CONTENTS
Introduction I
1. Report on the Present State of Civilization in
Greece ADAMANTIOS KORAES 153
2. The Ideal of Nationalism: Three Currents of
Thought ZIYA GOKALP 189
3. The Restoration of Turkish History TEKIN ALP 207
4. The Study of Indian History
SURENDRANATH BANER.JEA 225
5. The Idea of Pakistan CHOUDHARY RAHMAT ALI 245
6. The Negro in Ancient History
EDWARD W. BLYDEN 250
7. The Contribution of Ethiopia-Nubia and of
Egypt to Civilization CHEIKH ANTA DIOP 275
8. The Resurrection of the Negro MARCUS GARVEY 283
9. Arabism NICHOLAS ZIADEH 294
10. The Principle of Nationalism SUN YAT-SEN 304
vm Contents
11. The National Entity of Japan and the Japanese
Subject 318
12. Islam and Nationalism SHAKIB ARSLAN 331
13. Hinduism and Indian Nationalism
BIPIN CHANDRA PAL 338
14. The Moral Poverty of India and Native Thoughts
on the Present British-Indian Policy
DADABHAI NAOROJI 353
15. The Pan-African Movement
W. E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS 372
16. The "Circle" 388
17. Imprisonment and Execution of
Ibrahim Nassif El Wardany 392
18. The Making of a Terrorist: From the Autobiography
of Damodar Hari Chapekar 398
19. The "Mau Mau" Oath
JOSIAH MWANGI KARIUKI 462
20. A Messianic Creed from the Congo 472
21. The Mass Movement TOM MBOYA 477
22. Concerning Violence FRANTZ FANON 488
23. Theses of the Second Congress of the
Communist International on the National and
Colonial Questions 540
24. Nationalism Outside Europe JOSEPH STALIN 552
25. Social Revolution and the East SULTAN GALIEV 562
Index to the Introduction 571
INTRODUCTION
I
Nationalism in Asia and Africa, it is now generally agreed, is
a reaction against European domination. But the nature of this
domination, the precise manner in which it has elicited such a
reaction, and the character of the reaction itself are issues on
which the consensus is perhaps less general. One way of describ
ing the situation current among those who accept Marxism as
a gospel, and widely prevalent even among those who do not,
is to the effect that nationalism in Asia and Africa is the natural
consequence of European exploitation of these areas, an exploi
tation which goes by the name of imperialism. "It is no ideologi
cal assertion, but a simple generalization rooted in empirical
observation," we read in a recently published work, "that the
prime content of colonial political rule was economic exploita
tion." And again, the same author, describing European rule
overseas, writes as follows: "For the most part, strictly economic
exploitation is the predominant element, transforming mere
political control into a process which involves nothing short of
