Mycorrhizae: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry

364 Pages·2008·2.81 MB·English

by  Zaki A. Siddiqui

MYCORRHIZAE: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
MYCORRHIZAE: SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Edited by
Zaki Anwar Siddiqui
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
and
Kazuyoshi Futai
Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Editors
Zaki Anwar Siddiqui Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, India Aligarh, India
Kazuyoshi Futai
Kyoto University
Kyoto, Japan
ISBN:978-1-4020-8769-1 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8770-7
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Contributors ix
1. Mycorrhizae: An Overview 1
Zaki A. Siddiqui and John Pichtel
2. The Molecular Components of Nutrient Exchange
in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Interactions 37
Ruairidh J.H. Sawers, Shu-Yi Yang, Caroline Gutjahr,
and Uta Paszkowski
3. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Potential Bioprotectants
against Plant Pathogens 61
Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar and Zaki A. Siddiqui
4. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Alleviation of Soil Stresses
on Plant Growth 99
Philippe Giasson, Antoine Karam, and Alfred Jaouich
5. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Communities in Major
Intensive North American Grain Productions 135
M.S. Beauregard, C. Hamel, and M. St.-Arnaud
6. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A Dynamic Microsymbiont
for Sustainable Agriculture 159
Jitendra Panwar, R.S. Yadav, B.K. Yadav, and J.C. Tarafdar
7. Indirect Contributions of AM Fungi and Soil Aggregation
to Plant Growth and Protection 177
Kristine A. Nichols
8. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and their Role in Plant
Restoration in Native Ecosystems 195
Krish Jayachandran and Jack Fisher
v
vi Contents
9. Effects of Interactions of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi and Beneficial Saprophytic Mycoflora on Plant
Growth and Disease Protection 211
M.G.B. Saldajeno, W.A. Chandanie, M. Kubota,
and M. Hyakumachi
10. The Mycorrhizosphere Effect: A Multitrophic
Interaction Complex Improves Mycorrhizal
Symbiosis and Plant Growth 227
R. Duponnois, A. Galiana, and Y. Prin
11. Ectomycorrhizae and their Importance in Forest
Ecosystems 241
Kazuyoshi Futai, Takeshi Taniguchi, and Ryota Kataoka
12. Ectomycorrhizal Associations Function to Maintain
Tropical Monodominance 287
Krista L. McGuire
13. The Use of Mycorrhizal Biotechnology in Restoration
of Disturbed Ecosystem 303
Ali M. Quoreshi
14. In vitro Mycorrhization of Micropropagated Plants:
Studies on Castanea sativa Mill 321
Anabela Martins
15. Effective and Flexible Methods for Visualizing
and Quantifying Endorhizal Fungi 337
Susan G.W. Kaminskyj
Subject index 351
PREFACE
Mycorrhizae are indigenous to soil and plant rhizosphere and
potential tools for sustainable agriculture. They enhance the growth of a root
system and even of an entire plant and often control certain plant pathogens.
It is a fascinating subject, multidisciplinary in nature, and concerns scientists
involved in plant heath and plant protection. There have been marked advan-
ces in this field during the last few decades. This book stresses the need to
document the information, developing a unifying theme which treated mycorrhi-
zae in a holistic manner. Mycorrhizal fungi improve plant vigor and soil
quality by using the greater surface area. The hyphae of these fungi extend
out into the soil, secrete extracellular enzymes and efficiently absorb the maxi-
mum amount of available nutrients and deliver these nutrients back to the
plant inside the root cell wall. They play a crucial role in plant nutrient
uptake, water relations, ecosystem establishment, plant diversity, and the pro-
ductivity of plants. Scientific research in this field involves multidisciplinary
approaches to understand adaptation of mycorrhizae to the rhizosphere,
mechanism of root colonization, effect on plant physiology and plant growth,
biofertilization, plant resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens. The main
purpose of the book is to provide a comprehensive source of current literature
and future prospects for research.
The book has 15 chapters and attempts to present balanced accounts
on various aspects of mycorrhizae. Chapter 1 gives an overview of mycor-
rhizal fungi and their role in reduction in chemicals and sustainable agricul-
ture, while Chapter 2 describes the molecular basis of nutrient exchange
between arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and plants. Other chapters deal with
AM fungi as potential bioprotectants against plant pathogens, role of AM
fungi in alleviation of soil stresses on plant growth, AM fungi communities
in major intensive North American grain productions and indirect contribu-
tions of AM fungi and soil aggregation to plant growth and protection.
Chapters on AM fungi and their role in plant restoration in native ecosystems
and interactions of AM fungi and beneficial saprophytic mycoflora and
mycorrhizosphere effect: a multitrophic interaction complex is also dis-
cussed. Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and their importance in forest ecosystem
and ECM associations in tropical rain forests, function to maintain tropical
monodominance and the use of mycorrhizal biotechnology in restoration of
disturbed ecosystem are presented in other chapters. A separate chapter has been
devoted to in vitro mycorrhization of micropropagated plants while effective
and flexible methods for visualizing and quantifying endorhizal fungi are
dealt in detail in the last chapter.
vii
viii Preface
The book is not an encyclopedic review. However, an international
emphasis has been placed on trends and probable future developments. The
chapters incorporate both theoretical and practical aspects, and may serve as
base line information for future research through which significant develop-
ments can be expected. This book will be useful to students, teachers and re-
searchers, both in universities and research institutes, especially working in
areas of agricultural microbiology, plant pathology, and agronomy.
With great pleasure, we extend our sincere thanks to all the contri-
butors for their timely response, excellent and up to date contributions and
consistent support and cooperation. We are thankful to Professors Ainul Haq
Khan, Aqil Ahmad, R.P. Singh, Department of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh,
Professor Wasim Ahmad, Department of Zoology, A.M.U. Aligarh, and Pro-
fessor C.M.M. Bandara Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture,
Kyoto University, Japan for their moral support during this project. We
acknowledge with thanks the valuable assistance from my friends, well wishers
and students. Special thanks are extended also to Drs. S. Hayat, Depart-
ment of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh, Yuko Takeuchi, Graduate School of Agricul-
ture, Kyoto University and Abdul Rajjak, Department of Chemistry, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan for their encouragement, courtesy and help as this
book progressed.
We are extremely thankful to Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
for completing the review process expeditiously to grant acceptance for
publication. Cooperation and understanding of its staff especially of Maryse
Walsh, Publishing Editor and Melanie van Overbeek, Senior Publishing Assis-
tant is also thankfully acknowledged.
We express sincere thanks to our family members, for all the support
they provided, and regret the neglect and loss they suffered during the pre-
paration of this book.
Finally, we must be gracious to the Providence who helped us to
develop and complete a book on Mycorrhyzae: Sustainable Agriculture
and Forestry.
Zaki A. Siddiqui
M. Sayeed Akhtar
Kazuyoshi Futai
CONTRIBUTORS
Akhtar, M. Sayeed
Department of Botany
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh-202 002,
INDIA
Beauregard, M.S.
Institut de recherche en biologie végétale,
Jardin botanique de Montréal, 4101,
Sherbrooke St Est, Montréal, QC,
CANADA, H1X 2B2
Chandanie, W. Arachchige
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science,
Gifu University,
Gifu, JAPAN
Duponnois, Robin
IRD. UMR 113
CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2
Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM)
Montpellier
FRANCE
Fisher, Jack
Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden,
Miami, FL, 33199
USA
Futai, Kazuyoshi
Graduate School of Agriculture
Kyoto University
Sakyo-ku 606-8502
Kyoto, JAPAN
Galiana, Antoine
CIRAD. UMR 113
CIRAD/INRA/IRD/SUPAGRO/UM2
Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM)
Montpellier, FRANCE
ix
x Contributors
Giasson, Philippe
Earth Sciences Department
University of Quebec at Montreal
P.O. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville
Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8
CANADA
Gutjahr, Caroline
Department of Plant Molecular Biology
University of Lausanne
Biophore Building
CH-1015 Lausanne
SWITZERLAND
Hamel, C.
Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
1 Airport Road, Box 1030
Swift Current, SK
CANADA, S9H 2X3
Hyakumachi, Mitsuro
Laboratory of Plant Pathology
Faculty of Applied Biosciences
Gifu University
Gifu
JAPAN
Jaouich, Alfred
Earth Sciences Department
University of Quebec at Montreal
P.O. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville
Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3P8
CANADA
Jayachandran, Kris
Environmental Studies Department
Florida International University
University Park, Miami
FL 33199
USA
Contributors xi
Kaminskyj, Susan G.W.
Department of Biology
University of Saskatchewan
112 Science Place
Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2
CANADA
Karam, Antoine
Department of Soil Science & Agri-Food
Engr. College of Agricultural & Food Sciences
Laval University Quebec, PQ G1K 7P4
CANADA
Kataoka, Ryota
Graduate School of Agriculture
Kyoto University
Sakyo-ku 606-8502
Kyoto, JAPAN
Kubota, Mayumi
Laboratory of Plant Pathology
Faculty of Applied Biosciences
Gifu University
Gifu, JAPAN
Martins, Anabela
Department of Biology and Biotechnology
Escola Superior Agrária
Instituto Politécnico de Bragança
5301-855 Bragança
PORTUGAL
McGuire, Krista L.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of California
Irvine CA92697
USA
Nichols, Kristine
USDA, Agricultural Research Service
Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory
Mandan, ND 58554
USA