Table Of ContentMd. Asraful Alam · Zhongming Wang
Editors
Microalgae
Biotechnology
for Development
of Biofuel and
Wastewater Treatment
Microalgae Biotechnology for Development
of Biofuel and Wastewater Treatment
(cid:129)
Md. Asraful Alam Zhongming Wang
Editors
Microalgae Biotechnology
for Development
of Biofuel and Wastewater
Treatment
Editors
Md.AsrafulAlam ZhongmingWang
GuangzhouInstituteofEnergy GuangzhouInstituteofEnergy
Conversion Conversion
ChineseAcademyofSciences ChineseAcademyofSciences
Guangzhou,China Guangzhou,China
ISBN978-981-13-2263-1 ISBN978-981-13-2264-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2264-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019931871
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Contents
PartI MicroalgaeStrainandCultureTechnology
1 RecentTrendsinMicroalgaeResearchforSustainable
EnergyProductionandBiorefineryApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
NaimRashid,BongsooLee,andYong-KeunChang
2 TheCultureTechnologyforFreshwaterandMarine
Microalgae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
AyeshaShahid,SanaMalik,Md.AsrafulAlam,NaziaNahid,
andMuhammadAamerMehmood
3 OpenPondCultureSystemsandPhotobioreactors
forMicroalgalBiofuelProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
LeiQin,Md.AsrafulAlam,andZhongmingWang
4 StandardTechniquesandMethodsforIsolating,Selecting
andMonitoringtheGrowthofMicroalgalStrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Md.AsrafulAlam,GulMuhammad,AbdulRehman,
MohammadRussel,MahfuzurShah,andZhongmingWang
5 StressResponseofMicroalgaeandItsManipulation
forDevelopmentofRobustStrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
ChunWan,Bai-LingChen,Xin-QingZhao,andFeng-WuBai
6 SomaticHybridizationforMicroalgaeDomestication. . . . . . . . . . . 115
MohammedSabarandRachidBenhamman
7 TowardstheGeneticManipulationofMicroalgaetoImprove
theCarbonDioxideFixationandtheProductionofBiofuels:
PresentStatusandFutureProspect. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 135
EncarnaciónDíaz-Santos
v
vi Contents
8 AdvancedGeneTechnologyandSyntheticBiology
ApproachestoCustomDesignMicroalgaeforBiodiesel
Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
NehaArora,ShwetaTripathi,KrishnaMohanPoluri,andVikasPruthi
PartII MicroalgaeforBiofuelProduction
9 ManipulationofMicroalgalLipidProduction:AGenetic
EngineeringAspect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
SuChernFoo,NicholasM.H.Khong,andFatimahMd.Yusoff
10 HarvestingofMicroalgaeforBiomassProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
FabioRoselet,DriesVandamme,KoenraadMuylaert,
andPauloCesarAbreu
11 MethodsforExtractionofValuableProductsfromMicroalgae
Biomass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
CarmenSalinas-Salazar,J.SaulGarcia-Perez,RashmiChandra,
CarlosCastillo-Zacarias,HafizM.N.Iqbal,
andRobertoParra-Saldívar
12 DifferentCellDisruptionandLipidExtractionMethods
fromMicroalgaeforBiodieselProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
VinodKumar,NehaArora,ManishaNanda,andVikasPruthi
13 Biodiesel,Bioethanol,andBiobutanolProduction
fromMicroalgae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
AbdEl-FatahAbomohraandMostafaElshobary
14 ProgressandChallengesinBiodieselProduction
fromMicroalgaeFeedstock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
ShrastiVasistha,AnweshaKhanra,andMonikaPrakashRai
15 BiogasUpgradingbyMicroalgae:StrategiesandFuture
Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 347
DilliraniNagarajan,Duu-JongLee,andJo-ShuChang
16 AnaerobicDigestionofMicroalgaeBiomassforMethane
Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
HossainM.Zabed,XianghuiQi,JunhuaYun,andHuanhuanZhang
17 AdvancementofBio-hydrogenProductionfromMicroalgae. . . . . . 423
MamudulHasanRazu,FarzanaHossain,andMalaKhan
PartIII MicroalgaeinCO SequestrationandWastewaterTreatment
2
18 MetabolomicsAnalysisofMicroalgaefortheCellular
PhysiologyAdjustmenttoHighCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
2
YingGuoandZhenhongYuan
Contents vii
19 EmploymentofWastewatertoProduceMicroalgalBiomassasa
BiorefineryConcept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
AlfredodeJesúsMartínez-RoldánandJorgeIbarra-Berumen
20 MicroalgaeandWastewaterTreatment:Advantages
andDisadvantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
BeatrizMolinuevo-Salces,BertaRiaño,DavidHernández,
andM.CruzGarcía-González
21 DesignConsiderationsofMicroalgalCulturePondsand
PhotobioreactorsforWastewaterTreatmentandBiomass
Cogeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
TruongGiangLe,Dang-ThuanTran,ThiCamVanDo,
andVanTuyenNguyen
22 DevelopingDesignerMicroalgalConsortia:ASuitable
ApproachtoSustainableWastewaterTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
ShunniZhu,ShuhaoHuo,andPingzhongFeng
23 BiosorptionofHeavyMetalsandDyesfromIndustrial
EffluentsbyMicroalgae. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 599
Wan-LoyChuandSiew-MoiPhang
24 BioremediationandBiofuelProductionfromChlorellasp.:
AComprehensiveReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
SabeelaBeeviUmmalyma,DinabandhuSahoo,andAshokPandey
Part I
Microalgae Strain and Culture
Technology
Chapter 1
Recent Trends in Microalgae Research
for Sustainable Energy Production
fi
and Biore nery Applications
NaimRashid,BongsooLee,andYong-KeunChang
Abstract Microalgae are convincing biomaterials furnished with tremendous
potential of performing environmental services and energy recovery to promote
carbon neutral bio-economy. They have the ability to fix atmospheric CO , water
2
reclamation, bioremediation, and production of biomolecules, which offer distin-
guishedfeaturesforbiorefineryapplications.However,severaltechnicalchallenges
inmicroalgaebioprocessesimpedetheirapplicationatlargescale.Themostnotable
challengesincludelow bioconversionefficiency andbiomass productivity, suscep-
tibility to harmful microorganisms, high-energy input in the form of light and
nutrient supply, and high cost accounted for biomass harvest. In the framework of
microalgae-based sustainable bio-economy, technology integration turns out to be
theonlyviablesolution.Theintegrationofmicroalgaltechnologywithotherrelated
fieldwouldunveiltheirmeritoriousattributesandwouldoffsetthecostofbiomass
processing. The focus of this chapter is to identify the recent environmental tech-
nologieswhichcanbeintegratedwithmicroalgaebiorefinerytodrivetheobjectives
ofresource-efficientbio-economy.Theprospectsofthesetechnologiesarepresented
torealizetheirfuturepotentialandsustainabilityoutlook.
Keywords Microalgae·Biorefinery·Sustainability·Technologyintegration·
Coculture·Extremophile·Value-addedbioproducts
N.Rashid(*)
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,COMSATSUniversityIslamabad,Lahore,Pakistan
AdvancedBiomassR&DCenter,Daejeon,RepublicofKorea
B.Lee·Y.-K.Chang
AdvancedBiomassR&DCenter,Daejeon,RepublicofKorea
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 3
M.A.Alam,Z.Wang(eds.),MicroalgaeBiotechnologyforDevelopmentofBiofuel
andWastewaterTreatment,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2264-8_1
4 N.Rashidetal.
1 Microalgae Research Outlook
The potential of microalgae has been studied since 1960s in the perspective of
environmental and ecological services. Microalgae are considered as a convincing
materialtopromoteresource-efficientbio-economyandmeettheregulatorydrivers
of environmental sustainability. Despite many distinct features of microalgae, they
are mainly studied as an alternative source of clean and sustainable fuel (Gouveia
et al. 2017; Shuba and Kifle 2018). In the last two decades, microalgae industry
sensed a great momentum potentially due to hike in oil prices and realization of
diminishing resources of conventional fuels. A number of industries and research
centerswereestablishedacrosstheworldtoexplorethepotentialofmicroalgaeand
asses their potential for large-scale application. In academia, the scientists directed
their research focus on microalgal biofuels, algal biotechnology, and mass cultiva-
tion. Intensive research on microalgae was noted between 2006 and 2011 (Chen
etal.2015).World’sleadingcountriesincludingtheUSA,China,Spain,Korea,and
Australiaactivelyresearchedmicroalgaetodevelopasustainablebiorefinerymodel.
Accordingtoastudy,microalgaeresearchwasspannedin80countrieselucidating
therealizationoftheirpotential.Acomprehensivereporthasbeenpublishedbythe
International Energy Association (IEA), demonstrating the global perspective on
microalgae-based research projects, industries, and research facilities. A bloom of
microalgaeresearchremainedalmostforadecade.Eventually,however,adecrease
in microalgae research was observed in 2012 and the highest decrease after 2014.
Thepotentialofmicroalgaebiorefinerybecameapparent,anditturnedoutthattheir
exclusive use for biofuel production is not sustainable. Furthermore, a sharp
decrease in oil prices after 2014 hampered microalgae research and pushed the
researchandpolicy-makerstoredirecttheirfocus.Recently,thefocusofmicroalgae
hasbeenshiftedtovalue-addedbioproducts,waterreclamation,andbioremediation
(Rashidetal.2018).Now,thescientistsareoftheviewthatthebiofuelproduction
canbealong-termgoal;however,thenear-termandsustainablemicroalgaeresearch
isrelyingonitsuseforwastewatertreatmentandfeedsource.Moreover,innovation
in microalgae bioprocesses and technology development can lead to offset the
overall cost of microalgae processing and reorient the research focus in the future
(Deconincketal.2018).
2 Rationale of Microalgae Biorefinery
Microalgae are unicellular microorganisms, which have unique ability to fix atmo-
sphericCO andconvertwasteorganicmaterialsintovaluablebiorefineryproducts.
2
They fix CO through photosynthesis and convert them into biomolecules.
2
According to an estimate, they efficiently use 9% of the solar radiations and can
