Medical Psychology. Contributions to Behavioral Medicine

518 Pages·1981·10.498 MB·English

by  Charles K. Prokop and Laurence A. Bradley (Eds.)

MEDICAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Contributions
to Behavioral Medicine
Edited by
CHARLES K. PROKOP
Department of Psychiatry
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
School of Medicine
Lubbock, Texas
LAURENCE A. BRADLEY
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine
Section on Medical Psychology
Bowman Gray School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
ACADEMIC PRESS 1981
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COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Medical psychology.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Medicine and psychology. I. Prokop, Charles K.
II. Bradley, Laurence A.[DNLM: 1. Psychology, Clinical.
2. Behavior. WM 105 M486]
R726. 5.M43 616'.00119 80-1676
ISBN 0-12-565960-1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' Thomas G. Burish (395) Department of Psy-
contributions begin. chology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennes-
see 37240
Margaret A. Chesney (19) Behavioral Medicine
A. Barney Alexander (373) Psychophysiology Program, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,
Department, National Asthma Center, Denver, California 94025
Colorado 80204 David A. dayman (497) Department of Be-
Ivan Barofsky (55) Health Services Research and havioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia
Development Center, Johns Hopkins Medical In- University Medical Center, Charleston, West
stitutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Virginia 25330
Jeffrey T. Barth (67, 241) Department of Thomas J. Coates (157) Department of
Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Psychiatry, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and
Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia Division of Heart Education, Johns Hopkins Hospi-
22908 tal, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Douglas A. Bernstein (355) Department of Jean R. Eagleston (1 9)1 Center for Research on
Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana- Stress and Health, Stanford Research Institute,
Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820 Menlo Park, California 94025
Thomas J. Boll (67, 241) Department of Psy- Seth Ersner-Hershfield (267) Center for Men-
chology, University of Health Sciences, The tal Health, Newton Memorial Hospital, Newton,
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois New Jersey 07860
60064 W. Doyle Gentry (5, 91) Department of
Laurence A. Bradley (1, 91, 485, 497) De- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
partment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77550
Section on Medical Psychology, Bowman Gray
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Caro- Present address: Counseling Psychology Program, Stan-
lina 27103 ford University, Stanford, California 94305.
xi
Russell Ε. Glasgow (355) Psychology Depart- Daniel S. O'Leary (B7)3 Department of Neurol-
ment, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North ogy, University of Virginia School of Medicine,
Dakota 58105 Charlottesville, Virginia 22901
Iris B. Goldstein C37) Department of Psychiatry, Cheryl Perry (1 57) Stanford Heart Disease Pre-
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, vention Program, Institute for Communications
California 90024 Research, Stanford University School of Medicine,
J. Alan Herd (141) The Sid W. Richardson Stanford, California 94305
Institute for Preventive Medicine, The Methodist Edward J. PrietO (91) Department of Psychol-
Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030 ogy, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
David S. Holmes (423) Psychology Department, Charles K. Prokop (1,91, 485, 497) Depart-
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 ment of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health
Judith A. Jensen (321 ) Department of Psychol- Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock,
ogy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132 Texas 79430
Philip C. Kendall (197) Department of Psychol- Lee Ann Slinkard (157) Department of Health
ogy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Min- Psychology, University of California, San Fran-
nesota, 55455 cisco, San Francisco, California 94143
Joel Killen (1 57) Department of Counseling Psy- Linda C. Sobell (81, 267) Clinical Institute,
chology, Stanford University, Stanford, California Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Canada
94305 Mark B. Sobell (81, 267) Clinical Institute,
Sandra M. Levy (119, 307) National Cancer Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Canada
Institute, Department of Health and Human Ser- Richard B. Stuart (321) Family and Commu-
vices, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, nity Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,
Maryland 20014 Utah 84132
Frank T. Masur III (441) University of Tennes- Laurie H. Van der Heide (91) Department of
see, Center for the Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New
Family Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee 38105 York 10458
Joseph D. Matarazzo (5) Department of Med- David Watson (1 97) Department of Psychology,
ical Psychology, University of Oregon School of University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97201 55455
Thomas W. Miller (471) Department of Psy- David K. Wellisch (223) Department of Psychia-
chology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, try and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Neuropsychia-
Buffalo, New York 14215 trie Institute, University of California, Los Angeles,
Christine Mitchell (321) Weight Watchers In- Los Angeles, California 90024
ternational, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132 Harold A. Ziesat, Jr. (291) Department of
Ted •. Nirenberg (2B7)2 Vanderbilt University, Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee 37240; and Alcohol Pro- Rochester, New York 14642
grams, Dede Wallace Center, Nashville, Tennessee
37204
2Present address: Sea Pines Behavioral Institute, Hilton 3Present address: Department of Psychology, University
Head Island, South Carolina 29928, and Georgia Southern of Health Science, The Chicago Medical School, North
College, Statesboro, Georgia 30458. Chicago, Illinois 60064.
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Preface
The relationship between the medical professions the relationship between these complementary disci-
and psychology has undergone a dramatic change plines. In addition, the volume presents critical re-
within the past 10 years. Many psychologists working views by outstanding clinical investigators regarding
in medical settings have expanded their areas of ex- the status of diagnostic, treatment, and preventive
pertise and have begun to participate directly in the approaches to a wide variety of medical disorders.
assessment, treatment, and prevention of medical The volume is composed of four major sections. W.
problems. Medical professionals, in turn, have come to Doyle Gentry and Joseph D. Matarazzo first trace the
value many of the applied and research skills dis- history of the relationship between psychology and
played by psychologists in medical settings. This new medicine and assess the current status of psychology's
relationship between psychology and medicine is re- role within the medical center. The second and third
flected in the establishment of several interdiscipli- sections deal with approaches to the assessment and
nary training programs in behavioral medicine, the treatment-prevention, respectively, of various medi-
formation of professional associations that emphasize cal disorders. The third section also examines several
interdisciplinary efforts and behavioral-medical prac- special problems within the provinces of medical psy-
tice and research, and the recent publication of nu- chology and behavioral medicine. The fourth section
merous books concerning behavioral medicine and presents reviews of clinical and research topics of par-
related topics. ticular interest to all medical psychologists and be-
One effect of these events has been a prolifera- havioral medicine specialists.
tion of definitions of the roles of both behavioral This volume will be of value to research inves-
medicine and psychology within the medical field. In tigators and practitioners within the behavioral sci-
addition, several of the books concerning behavioral ences and medicine. Critical and comprehensive re-
medicine have been limited in focus either because of views of the assessment, treatment, and prevention of
overly restrictive definitions of behavioral medicine medical disorders are provided. Thus, the volume
and medical psychology, or because of narrow con- will be especially useful for teaching purposes both
tent areas. This volume offers definitions of medical within medical and university settings and will serve
psychology and behavioral medicine, and discusses as a source book for scholars and practitioners.
xiii
We acknowledge the cooperation and support of Joyce Davis, Peggy Mackiewicz, Shirley Feldman, and
Highland Hospital Division of Duke University Med- Mary N. White. Special thanks are due to W. Doyle
ical Center; the Department of Psychiatry, Texas Gentry who introduced us to the fields of medical
Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of psychology and behavioral medicine and who sup-
Medicine; the Department of Psychology, Fordham ported our efforts throughout the production of this
University; the Fordham University Research Council; book. Finally, we would like to thank Academic Press
and the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral and all of our contributors for their expertise and
Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine. Invalu- effort.
able secretarial assistance was provided by Anne Dick,
xiv PREFACE
The Relationship between
Medical Psychology and
Behavioral Medicine
LAURENCE A. BRADLEY
CHARLES K. PROKOP
Definition of Behavioral Medicine the definition implies that the only proper focus of
The term "behavioral medicine" was first used by behavioral medicine is the study of the psychologi-
Birk (1973) in the context of defining biofeedback cal sequelae of physical illness. Thus, prevention of
as a learning theory based approach to the treat- physical illness is ruled out, and treatment is lim-
ment of medical disorders. Pomerleau and Brady ited to attempts to indirectly influence the course
(1979) have retained and expanded upon Birk's of physical disorders through the modification of
use of the term, and have defined behavioral psychological factors. Following this definition, the
medicine as role of practitioners of behavioral medicine is very
similar to that of liaison psychiatrists in a medical
(a) the clinical use of techniques derived from the ex- setting. The second difference between the defini-
perimental analysis of behavior—behavior therapy tion offered by Asken and that offered by Pomer-
and behavior modification—for the evaluation, pre- leau and Brady is that Asken's definition does not
vention, management, or treatment of physical dis- limit the treatment interventions associated with
ease or physiological dysfunction; and (b) the conduct
behavioral medicine to those derived from the ex-
of research contributing to the functional analysis and
perimental analysis of behavior.
understanding of behavior associated with medical
A third, and more widely accepted, definition of
disorders and problems in health care [p. xii].
behavioral medicine is that originally developed at
the Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine and
A quite different definition of behavioral
later articulated and amended by Schwartz and
medicine has been offered by Asken (1979). He
Weiss (1977, 1978). This amended definition of
has defined behavioral medicine as "the study of
behavioral medicine is
psychological reactions that occur secondarily or as
a result of physical illness and its treatment [p.
70]." This definition differs in two important ways The interdisciplinary field concerned with the de-
from that offered by Pomerleau and Brady. First, velopment and integration of behavioral and biomed-
1
Medical Psychology Copyright © 1981 by Academic Press, Inc.
Contributions to Behavioral Medicine All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
ISBN O-l2-565960-1
ical science knowledge and techniques relevant to the individual, group, and systems level [p. 67]."
health and illness and the application of this knowl- Indeed, Asken has noted that medical psychology
edge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, actually subsumes the area of behavioral medicine.
treatment, and rehabilitation [1978, p. 250]. Another broad definition of the scope of activities
within medical psychology has been provided by
A major difference between the Schwartz and
Gentry and Matarazzo in Chapter 2 of this volume.
Weiss definition and those offered by the others is
They have defined medical psychology as "the
that Schwartz and Weiss emphasize the interdiscip-
practice of psychology within the medical school
linary nature of behavioral medicine. Thus, equal
establishment. This includes not only clinical ser-
emphasis is given to the contributions of the be-
vices (i.e., practitioner), but also the important role
havioral and biomedical sciences. An example of
of the medical educator and researcher [p. 12]."
this emphasis upon interdisciplinary efforts is pro-
A far more restrictive view has been offered by
vided by an examination of the masthead of the
Pomerleau (1979). Pomerleau's definition limits
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, the official journal of
the activity of the medical psychologist to primarily
the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research.
social and psychological assessment of persons
The editorial board of the journal consists of 37
with medical disorders. Pomerleau does note,
persons with Ph.D degrees, 17 persons with M.D.
however, that some medical psychologists do par-
degrees, and 5 persons with Ph.D. and M.D. de-
ticipate in the treatment of medical disorders using
grees.
behavioral intervention strategies (Pomerleau,
The definition of behavioral medicine provided
1979).
by Schwartz and Weiss also differs from that of
These definitions also differ from one another
Pomerleau and Brady in that treatment interven-
with regard to the theoretical orientations attrib-
tions are not limited to those derived from learn-
uted to medical psychologists. For example, Asken
ing theory. The Schwartz and Weiss definition,
and Gentry and Matarazzo believe that medical
therefore, is consistent with that of Asken on the
psychologists may adhere to any theoretical orien-
dimension of the theoretical basis of treatment.
tation. In fact, Gentry and Matarazzo point out
Contrary to Asken, however, both Schwartz and
that clinical and experimental psychologists of vary-
Weiss, and Pomerleau and Brady agree that prac-
ing schools of thought all may be considered to be
titioners of behavioral medicine may intervene
medical psychologists as long as they participate in
either at the preventive level or directly upon the
some form of activity in a medical school setting.
disorder itself. The adequacy of the definition of
Pomerleau, however, implies that the assessment
behavioral medicine provided by Schwartz and
activities of medical psychologists may be per-
Weiss will be examined in the section entitled
formed within the context of psychodynamic,
"Medical Psychology's Relationship to Behavioral
trait-oriented, or behavioral paradigms, but he re-
Medicine."
stricts treatment interventions to those derived
from learning theory.
Definition of Medical Psychology
Current definitions of medical psychology are less Medical Psychology's Relationship to
precise than those of behavioral medicine. The Behavioral Medicine
various definitions differ both in terms of the An examination of these numerous definitions il-
scope of activities included, and the theoretical lustrates that there is a lack of consensus regarding
orientations of those involved. With regard to the the attributes that differentiate behavioral
scope of activities within medical psychology, medicine from medical psychology, and those that
Asken (1979) has provided the broadest definition. are shared by the two disciplines. It is essential to
He has defined medical psychology as "the study clarify the commonalities between behavioral
of psychological factors related to any and all as- medicine and medical psychology in order to re-
pects of physical health, illness and its treatment at duce the risk that important contributions from
2 LAURENCE A. BRADLEY, CHARLES K. PROKOP
one discipline might be overlooked by the other may serve to retard the development of clinical ad-
(cf. Asken, 1979). It is equally important to iden- vances. In contrast, the inclusion of a wide variety
tify the differences between the disciplines in of professionals and theories within behavioral
order to educate (a) professionals involved in medicine, as advocated by Schwartz and Weiss, en-
health care services; (b) recipients and evaluators courages the development of new clinical ap-
of those services; and (c) governmental funding proaches that may be critically evaluated from a
agencies with respect to what particular skills they variety of perspectives. In addition, the Schwartz
may expect members of the individual disciplines and Weiss definition sufficiently emphasizes the
to possess. In addition, it is important to clarify the prevention of medical disorders and the mainte-
differences between medical psychology and be- nance of health as stressed by Stone et al. (1979)
havioral medicine in order to foster the develop- without additional descriptive terms. Therefore,
ment of distinct theoretical viewpoints and bodies we accept the current definition of behavioral
of empirical data that may eventually enrich one medicine provided by Schwartz and Weiss and en-
another and thereby lead to improved health care. courage other professionals to concur.
Stone, Cohen, and Adler (1979) have attempted Similar to Schwartz and Weiss' definition of be-
to explicate the differences and similarities be- havioral medicine, Masur's (1979) conception of
tween medical psychology and behavioral medical psychology avoids an overly restrictive
medicine. In doing so, they have defined both dis- view of the role of psychology in the medical set-
ciplines as subspecialties of a new area which they ting. While Masur has clearly articulated that the
have labeled "health psychology." Although their problem areas addressed by medical psychology
emphasis upon the prevention of disorders and are identical to those addressed by behavioral
the maintenance of health is desirable, the creation medicine, he has not specified the unique con-
of a new descriptive label may increase the confu- tributions made by medical psychology to the
sion that currently exists among professionals re- problems of health maintenance and to preven-
garding medical psychology and behavioral tion, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of ill-
medicine. Masur (1979) has attempted to clarify ness. We believe that medical psychology provides
the relationship between the two disciplines by three relatively unique contributions to the larger
conceptualizing medical psychology as the con- field of behavioral medicine. First, certain ap-
tributions of psychology to behavioral medicine as proaches to assessment may be best provided by
defined by Schwartz and Weiss (1978). Medical medical psychologists. For example, training in (a)
psychology is described as encompassing the de- the assessment of brain-behavior relationships; (b)
velopment of "intervention strategies and educa- the construction of psychometric instruments and
tional systems directed at improving prevention, interpretation of patients' responses to these in-
diagnosis, treatment, management, and rehabilita- struments; and (c) the functional analysis of be-
tion of patients with physical diseases [Masur, havior that encompasses measurement of overt
1979, p. 259]." Masur has succeeded in adding and covert controlling stimuli, is rarely provided in
clarity only to the extent that other professionals settings other than psychology training programs.
accept Schwartz and Weiss' definition of be- Second, there are some approaches to treatment
havioral medicine. It is critical, therefore, to exam- and to rehabilitation that currently are unique to
ine the value of the Schwartz and Weiss definition medical psychology. For example, to date, the only
of behavioral medicine before further assessing published reports of the effectiveness of stress in-
Masur's position. oculation training for various disorders have been
The Schwartz and Weiss definition of behavioral produced by psychologists. In addition, cognitive
medicine possesses a distinct advantage in that it retraining approaches to the rehabilitation of cen-
avoids the unduly restrictive quality of the defini- tral nervous system dysfunction are currently
tion offered by Pomerleau and Brady. Limiting being investigated primarily by psychologists. It
behavioral medicine to a single theoretical orienta- should be noted that psychologists are frequently
tion or professional discipline at this early stage involved in the training of other professionals in
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE 3
prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation ap- the other behavioral medicine specialties. The vol-
proaches. Therefore, several disciplines that con- ume concludes with discussions of special topics of
tribute to behavioral medicine may be expected to relevance to both medical psychology and be-
adopt these treatment approaches as they have havioral medicine. The unique contribution of this
adopted other approaches (e.g., operant condi- volume to behavioral medicine, as in the case of
tioning, self-management) developed by psycholo- other medical psychology efforts, is its emphasis
gists. upon critical evaluations of the current literature.
Although several psychological treatment ap- We hope that the calls for methodological refine-
proaches may become less identified with medical ments expressed in this volume will encourage
psychology alone, psychology may be expected to those involved in medical psychology and be-
enjoy a third unique role in prevention and treat- havioral medicine to be cautious in their clinical
ment activities in the sense that psychologists re- claims, as well as rigorous and innovative in their
ceive specialized, intensive training in experimen- research efforts (cf. Miller, 1974).
tal design and statistics. Psychologists, therefore,
are particularly well-suited to evaluate a wide va-
riety of diagnostic techniques as well as preventive
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Miller, Ν. E. Introduction: Current issues and key prob-
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4 LAURENCE A. BRADLEY, CHARLES K. PROKOP