Male, female the evolution of human sex differences

569 Pages·37.16 MB·English

by  Geary, David C

Male, Female
Male, Female
The Evolution of Human Sex Differences, second Edition
David C. Geary
American Psychological Association • Washington, DC
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Copyright © 2010 by the American Psychological Association. All rights resetved. Except as
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Geary, David C.
Male, female : the evolution of human sex differences / David C. Geary. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4338-0682-7
ISBN-10: 1-4338-0682-7
1. Sex differences. 2. Human evolution. I. Title.
QP81.5.G43 2010
612.6-^k22
2009025924
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP recotd is available from the British Library.
Printed in the United States of America
Second Edition
To Corie and Nicholas
CONTENTS
List of Exhibits, Tables, and Figures ix
Preface xiii
Chapter 1. Beginnings 3
Chapter 2. Natural Selection and the Evolution of Sex 15
Chapter 3. Sexual Selection 33
Chapter 4. Sexual Selection and Life History 69
Chapter 5. Sexual Selection in Primates and During
Human Evolution 109
Chapter 6. Evolution of Fatherhood 145
Chapter 7. Choosing Mates 177
Chapter 8. Competing for Mates 213
Chapter 9. Evolution and Development of the Human Mind 247
wi
Chapter 10. Sex Differences in Infancy and at Play 283
Chapter 11. Sex Differences in Social Development 321
Chapter 12. Sex Differences in Folk Psychology 345
Chapter 13. Sex Differences in Folk Biology and Folk Physics 383
Afterword 409
References 421
Index 531
About the Author 555
viii CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS, TABLES,
AND FIGURES
EXHIBIT
Exhibit 4.1 Evolution and Facultative Expression
of Male Parenting 89
TABLES
Table 2.1 Darwin's and Wallace's Observations and Inferences 17
Table 3.1 The Ecology of Mating Systems 41
Table 7.1 Potential Costs and Benefits of Short-Term
and Long-Term Mate Choices 178
Table 7.2 Marriage Patterns and Family Formation 180
Table 11.1 Social Dynamics and Supporting Mechanisms
of Boys' and Men's Social Behavior 325
ix
FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Strength of Evolutionary Selection 18
Figure 2.2 Frequency-Dependent Selection 20
Figure 2.3 Four Species of Finch From the Galapagos Islands 22
Figure 3.1 Components of Reproductive Effort 35
Figure 3.2 The Male Big-Belly Seahorse
(Hippocampus abdominalis) 38
Figure 3.3 Female and Male Hummingbirds
(Spathura underwoodi) 44
Figure 3.4 The Male Resplendent Quetzal
(Pharomachrus mocinno costaricensis) 45
Figure 3.5 Two Pairs of Male and Female Bam Swallows
(Hirundo rustica) 50
Figure 3.6 Male and Female Beetles (Chalcosoma atlas) 55
Figure 3.7 The Male Oryx leucoryx 55
Figure 3.8 Physical Competition Between Two Male Northern
Elephant Seals (Mirounga angiistirostris) 57
Figure 3.9 Bower Building and Behavioral Male-Male
Competition and Female Choice in the Bowerbird
(Chlamydera maculata) 60
Figure 3.10 Territory Size and Male Scramble Competition 62
Figure 4-1 Components of Life History 70
Figure 4.2 Two Life History Stages of the Tomato Homworm
Moth (Manduca quinquemaculata) 75
Figure 4-3 The Common Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) 76
Figure 4.4 Play in the Garfish (Strongylura) 84
Figure 4.5 Hypothesized Relations Among Sex Hormones,
Immune Functioning, Parasites, and the Expression
of Secondary Sexual Characteristics 99
X LIST OF EXHIBITS, TABLES, AND FIGURES
Figure 5.1 The Male Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) 112
Figure 5.2 Gelada Baboons (Theropithecus gelada) 116
Figure 5.3 Dominant, Fully Developed Male Orangutan
(Pongo pygmaeus) 122
Figure 5.4 Simplified Hominid Family Tree With Estimated
Age of Emergence 131
Figure 5.5 Artistic Reconstruction of a Female
Australopithecus afarensis 132
Figure 5.6 Estimated Percentage of Male Body Weight
to Female Body Weight for Various Species
of Australopithecus, Homo, Extant Chimpanzees
(Pan troglodytes), and Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) 134
Figure 5.7 Estimated Brain Volumes and Encephalization
Quotients for Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
and Selected Species of Australopithecus and Homo 136
Figure 6.1 Ratio of Maternal to Paternal Care Across
Human Societies 160
Figure 7.1 Primary and Secondary Marriage Types
in Hunter-Gatherer Societies 183
Figure 7.2 The Importance of the "Good Financial Prospects"
of a Prospective Marriage Partner 186
Figure 7.3 Sex Differences in Allocation of Mate Dollars
on a Prospective Marriage Partner's Resources
(Including Social Standing) and Physical
Attractiveness Across Low to High Budgets 188
Figure 7.4 Hormonal Changes Across Women's
Ovulatory Cycle 197
Figure 8.1 Estimated Mortality Rates Resulting From
Ambushes, Raids, or Larger Scale Warfare for Six
Traditional Societies 218
Figure 8.2 Reported Motives for Warfare for North American
Indian Tribes 218
LIST OF EXHIBITS, TABLES, AND FIGURES xi