Table Of ContentLABOR, EMPLOYMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN
WEST ASIA AND NORTH AFRICA
Labor, Employment and
Agricultural Development
in West Asia and North Africa
Edited by
DENNIS TULLY
The International Center for Agricultural Research in
the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria
Kluwer Academic Publishers
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Labor, employment, and agricultural development in West Asia and North
Africa / edited by Dennis Tully.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN·13: 978·94-010·6773.7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0635-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0635·8
1. Agriculture--Economic aspects--Middle East--Case studies.
2. Agrlculture--Economic aspects--Africa, North--Case studies,
3. Agricultural laborers--Middle East--Case studies.
4. Agricultural laborers--Afrlca, North--Case studies.
HD2056.5.L33 1990
338. 1 '0956--dc20 90-4702
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6773-7
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1990 ICARDA
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized i
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or b
any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyrigt
owner.
Table of Contents
Foreword vii
Acknowledgements IX
List of Contributors xi
Introduction
Dennis Tully
The Impact of Technology on Employment in the Rainfed Farming 7
Areas ofIrbid District, Jordan
Emad K. Karablieh and Mahmoud Ali Salem
Labor Use on Farms in Dry-farming Areas of Konya Province, 31
Turkey
Ahmet Erkus, TanerKiral, Hasan Tatlidil, and F. Fusun Taf/idil
Social and Economic Aspects of Decision· Making Related to Labor 55
Utilization and Choice of Technology: A Case Study of a Turkish
Village
Haluk Kasnakoglu, Halis Akder, A. Arslan Gurkan, Nukhet Sirman,
Nazim Ekinci, and Mehmet Ecevit
Implications of Technological Change for Labor and Farming in the 79
Karia Ba Mohamed District, Morocco
Driss Khrouz and Moha Marghi
Mechanization and Agricultural Employment in Arid and Semiarid 103
Zones of'Morocco: The Case of Upper Chaouia
Larbi Zagdouni and Driss Benatya
Agricultural Changes in Private Farms of the Sersou, Algeria 141
Ahmed Bouaita and Claudine Chaulet
VI
The Acceptance and Rejection of Agricultural Innovations by Small 165
Farm Operators: A Case Study of a Tunisian Rural Community
Arbi Ben Achour
Farm Mechanization and Socioeconomic Changes in Agriculture in a 191
Semiarid Region of Tunisia
Alia Gana and Raoudha Khaldi
Foreword
The basic objective of agricultural research at ICARDA is to enhance producer
and consumer welfare through increasing the productivity, stability, and
profitability of agriculture. Improved practices must be technically, economi
cally, and socially suitable to farmer conditions.
The rainfed areas of West Asia and North Africa have highly variable
environmental conditions as well as complex social and economic structures.
In recent years, the region has been experiencing major changes in the relative
availabilities and costs of the classical factors of production: land, labor and
capital. These changes have important implications for the design of new
agricultural technology.
On the one hand, the availability of labor may be an important factor
determining the acceptability of new technology. On the other, it is important
to consider the impact that technology can have on rural employment.
To develop a better awareness ofthese issues and their relevance to technology
development, ICARDA initiated a project on Agricultural Labor and Tech
nological Change (ALTC). The first stage of the project was a review of existing
information' on these issues; this review was published as a book under the
title Labor and Rainfed Agriculture in West Asia and North Africa.
The second stage of the ALTC project was collaboration with regional
scientists in original research on these issues. Eight case studies were funded
and are published here. The authors have made significant contributions to
our understanding of the linkage between labor issues and agricultural
technology, and we hope that these studies will stimulate others to follow
up with additional research in this area.
ICARDA greatly appreciates the financial assistance of the Ford Foundation
and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, which
allowed us to' support these researchers and the production of this publication
of their findings.
Nasrat Fadda
Director General
ICARDA
Dennis Tully (ed.), Labor, Employment and Agricultural Development in West Asia and North Africa, vii.
© 1990 ICARDA.
Acknowledgements
This publication is the culmination of the efforts of many people over the
course of fOlu years. The researchers committed themselves to meet high
sfandards and tight deadlines with limited resources. The Ford Foundation
and The International Development Research Centre (lDRC) of Canada not
only made the ALTC project possible financially; their field staff made real
contributions of ideas and time. Many of my colleagues at ICARDA worked
with the researchers and myself to help design the case studies and the overall
project. Finally, this publication benefits greatly from the skilled editing of
James Pruess and the artwork of La Neu.
The Editor
Dennis Tully (ed,), Labor, Employment and Agricultural Development in West Asia and North Africa, ix,
© 1990lCARDA,
List of Contributors
AKDER, HALlS Department of Economics
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
BEN ACHOUR, ARBI Department of Rural Sociology
University of Missouri
Columbia
Missouri 65211
USA
BENATYA, DRISS Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II
Direction du Developpement Rural
B.P.6202
Rabat
Morocco
BOUAITA, AHMED Centre de Recherches en Economie Appliquee
pour Ie Developpement (CREAD)
Enceinte
Universite de Bouzarea
Rue Djamal-Eddine El Afghani
Al Hammadi
Bouzarea
Algeria
CHAULET, CLAUDINE Centre de Recherches en Economie Appliquee
pour Ie Developpement (CREAD)
Enceinte
Universite de Bouzarea
Rue Djamal-Eddine El Afghani
Al Hammadi
Bouzarea
Algeria
Dennis Tully (ed.l, Labor, Employment and Agricultural Development in West Asia and North Africa, xi-xiv.
© 1990 ICARDA.
xii
ECEVIT, MEHMET Department of Sociology
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
EKINCI, NAZIM Department of Economics
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
ERKUS, AHMET Department of Agricultural Economics
Faculty of Agriculture
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey
GANA,ALIA Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique de Tunisie
Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie
Rurale (INRAT)
2080 Avenue de l'Independence
Ariana
Tunis
Tunisia
GURKAN, A. ARSLAN Department of Economics
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
KARABLIEH, EMAD K. Department of Agricultural Economics and
Extension
University of Jordan
Amman
Jordan
KASNAKOGLU, HALUK Department of Economics
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
xiii
KHALDI, RAOUDHA Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique de Tunisie
Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie
Rurale (IN RAT)
2080 Avenue de l'Independence
Ariana
Tunis
Tunisia
KHROUZ, DRISS Departement des Sciences Economiques
Faculte de Droit
Universite de Fes
B.P.42A
Fes
Morocco
KIRAL, TANER Department of Agricultural Economics
Faculty of Agriculture
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey
MARGHI, MOHA Ministry of Agriculture
B.P. 1534 -Atlas
Fes
Morocco
SALEM, MAHMOUD ALI Department of Agricultural Economics and
Extension
University of Jordan
Amman
Jordan
SIRMAN, NUKHET Department of Anthropology
Middle East Technical University
Inonu Bulvari
Ankara
Turkey
TATLIDI,L, F. FUSUN Department of Agricultural Economics
Faculty of Agriculture
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey
