La cura del mondo. Paura e responsabilità nell'età globale

296 Pages·2009·22.572 MB·Italian

by  Elena Pulcini

ElenPau lcini
Lac urdae mlo ndo
Pauerr ae sponsnaeblillg'iletotàbà a le
BollaBtoir inghieri
Priame dizisoentet em2b09r0 e
© 2090B ollaBtoir ingehdiietrsoi.r reT. olr.i,cn oor,Vs iot toErmiaon uIeIl8,e6
Id iirtdtiim emorizzaezlieotnterd oinr iicpar,o duezd iiao dnaet tamento tota­
leo parzcioanql uea lsmieazsz(ioc ompirm eiscir oefl ieclo mp ifeo tostatiche)
sonroi servati
StampiantI ot alia dallEaST d LiSi ettotgTiromarofi in(aeTo s )e
ISBN9 78-882-0133-399 -
Schegmraa fdiecllcoao perdtiPi niae rlCueirgrii
bollatibor.inighti eri
www.
Indice
IntrzoidounLe' ambidveglalollbeaanz liaz zazione
7
I o Unificazgiloonbeae fl rea mmentalzociaoln7ee , 2 0O ssessidoelnle' Io
eo ssessidoenlN eo i, I3 0AI s sendiz a paetdhe ocsc esdis poa th1o5s ,
40P er uns oggertetloa zio1n7a le,
Ringraziamenti
25
Lac urdae mlo ndo
Parptrei maP atolodgeilel 'gleotbàa lien:di vidualismo
illimitcaotmou,n itariesnmdoo gamico
Jr Io L'individuilalilmiistmaot o
PrometeeN oa rci3s1o , 20T rai llimiteai tneszizcaurez za: l'Io spet-
I.
tatorceo,n sumatcorreea,t o4r2e ,
6o 2o Ilc omunitareinsdmoog amico
1 o Ilb isogdnico o muninteàlm load erni6toà ,2o Ilb isogdin coo mwùtà
nell'geltoàb a7l5e ,3 0L ottpee rilr iconoscimiednetnotie:tdi àf feren-
za8,9 40C omuniitmàm unita9x7i e,
Parsteec ondaPa toogildee sle ntmiertea:md oerllfao si
pauriaen t gàl obale
rr5 Io Moderneip taàu ra
1.U na passiaonues pic1a1b5il 2 eo P,a Uiar ecipIr 9Ioc a3,o Paura
prdoutti,v 1a28
6 Indice
IJr 2.L as ocideetrlài schDiaol.pl aau raal l'angoscia?
1.D ifroain rties gclhio b1a3li1, 2. Lap aurdae ll'al1t43r o3,· aurPa,
angospcaiuar,ga l oba1l4e6,
Spettaetv oirtit itmreda:i nieegp or oiezione
r53 3·
1.Ri scghil obeaa lsis ednizp aa ur1a53, 2.D inieeag uot oinga16n2n o,
3·S pettae tvoirtit i1m7e0, 4·P roiezdieolnpleaa ur ae ineffdiecla cia
capreos piat1o7r4io ,
Parttee rzaR esponsaebc iulrdiaet mlào ndo
Attorreii:m paradaa rvee rpea ura
r87 1.
r.U manità vulnerabile1,8 7 2.U n'«angoasmcainat pea»u: reia m ma­
ginazion1e9,5 3·D allpaa urad ell'aallltarc oo ntaminavzeisroo iln e:
ricoonscimentos olidal2e0,6
Dallap auralal ac ura
220 2.
1.Re sponsabpeilirt,2à 2 0 2.L a« responsapbeiliret»il à s oggevtult­o
nerabil2e3,2 3·V ulnerabilitgàl oba2l4e3, 4·R esposabitilàc ome
n
cura,25 1
Unm ondo comune
263 3· in
x. Creaurne m ond2o6,3 2.M ondip lurali2,77
293 Indicdeie nomi
Introduzione
L'ambivadleelnglzlaao balizzazione
Amor mund-iperché è cosidif ficile amare iml ondo?
Hannah Arendt, Diari, marzo 1955
Unificagzlioobenaf elr ea mmelocnatale zione
I.
Sonoo rmaim olptleilcedie f inizoini el em etaforuseat pere descri­
verqeu eplr oceinsesdioto e s fuggente che chiamiamo «globaliunione».
Ciòc hev orrqeuiip roporraet,t ingealnd oles sico di Marcel Mauss,è
dic onsidelraga lroelib zazazicomeo unn e «fasocialtet o totaleal»lu:­
dendcoo snlon solaolf tatoch e essinvae stl'ein tertoe sssocWeut.eo
tutltees e fred elle'ssitneza( economiculctaur,a lepoli,tic a,s imbolica),
ma anchaelf attoc hel as upaec uliare caratteristicèaq uella creardie
unai nterdipdeengedlveei nntzliaa qu aler ende ognio punbstooldi e to
visstteat olreie ap arziaClieòn. o1nvu oldire , peròch,e lagl obalizza ­
zionseiu an f enoemnou nitarei ounif ormeAl. c ontrarioessa, appare
connotdaatu an ac ostitaumtbiivvaa lenvzaala,edi redal la coesistenza
did imensiooppnois tece om le nt chec reanuon osc enario solo
p me ari
appraentemepnatrea do.sRi stalengoe ddtu ttoc ondivisibilin eq,ue­
stsoe nsloan, o ttaes ide l«lglaoc alizzaziopnreo»po,s dat aR obertson,2
inq uantpoo neef ficacelm'eantcecs eullncato om predis enzrpocae ssi
«globadliiu »n ificazoimoongee,n eizzazoimoolnoeg,a ziodnaeu n
lateod ,i p rocessi«l ocalidi» f ramm entazione, divisiodinfef,er enzia­
ziondea ll'oa.Gl rtarnp arted elalr iflesssociioolnoege fi ilc-o<1fsc iao
1 Unc oncetqtuoe,lld oi in terdipendenza, ripetsouttamteolinneatdaletola riflessiaotntuea ­
led;r p.e rt utDtaiv iHde ldA,n thoMn\:y: G�wD.a vGialddbla tc:tJ onathanP euatoTnra,n ­
�furmutiom. PEoclointiocmsia,cn sdC uliurePol,i cyPre ss,Ca mbridae 1999( trad.i tC.he cos'è la
globalaiz:a.ionAes,t eriTorsi,e s1t9e9 9).
2 CfrR.o lanRdo bertsoGnlob4,1iz.4 ti011S,oc ifi/TMor).JG/oNJCultwe, Sage,Lo ndon 1992
(traidtG..i uba/inazionsoceitl. lreT ecotÙtwrifJltl , lobtlk,A steriosT,r iest1e 999).
8 Introduzione
contemportaennedaaed3a ccredqiuteasrtteea s mio,s traanpdpou nto,
nelcloap pgilao blaolclia' lin,d isgiudnegdiiu bepi ollilite,àg actoim,e
ès tadtior ecenrtieb adintoons, o4ld oau nae videcnotees istmean za,
dau nav incolcaonatpep artenenza.
Dau nl atdou nquiel«, g lobasliae f»f erimnta u tltees fedreell 'esi­
sten(zeac onomciuclat,u rpaollei,te iccca.m )o,d ificapnrdoof onda­
mentiep aradisgtmeisd seilm load ern-iptrài mfor tau tqtuie ltleor ­
ritordiealllSeot t ao-nazioen ree ndenodbos olleetc ea tegorie
- 5
interaptrietvtrea diziSoipn eanlasili.dl aeg ruelatdiiu nom ne rcaptloa ­
netacrhieoi, n diffearice onntfeti neir ritoprrioadluic,e «fillluis­si»
mitaeta in archdiicc aip itmaelrice,ip ersone,d ile isbpearnid eer si
moltiplicarsi, unriicsapmoeena ndlteln'ddaaogd eenllper iordiettà­
tatdaa pio teercio nomOi,cp ie.rr iprenldaem reet afodrealn etwork
propoisntp aa rticodlaMa arneu eCla ste6la llcs o,nfirgsudiri au na
societàretuinciofliaecro aemt,oa l ogdaatlal 'estedneslitloeenc oen­
logiinef ormatei mcahses mediparliin;c irpeaslpio nsdaibq iuleill a
«compresssipoanzei o-tempcohreaa,tl ter)a>v7le avr esloo cizzea zion
detle mpeo l'abodleilzdliiaos ntea cnoznat,ri aglel obcor eanidnoe di­
tes inereg ie E ensancorsaup,li anaon tropologico
prossimistipà . i e
culturaaldl iel,a gdaerle çonforamlliisvmeol lea cmuelnttuorp arol­e
dotdtalil «am acdonaldizzdaezmlio onndeeod alsltaa ndardizzazio­
»
ned egslit idlivi i tsao gget8t ivi.
3V at uttasvoitat olionc ehaelt af ilosonfoinsa e mbarnac odread ircesa ufficaitetnnzetienoe
aq uestteom a.
4 Cfr. iGacomMoa rraamoP, asggisoaO cac id.Fe inlftaioee sg olobaazliioBzonzlletai,B o rni­
ghieTrio,r i2n0o0 3( ne.d a.c cres2c0i0u9tc)af; ra .n chMeik eF eatrhseto(nace u rdai )G,l oabl
Culurt.eN atiloinsGamlob,lia zatainoMdno ,d ety,mS iag,eL ondo1n9 9(0t rait.d C .u latg ulrao­b
le.N azionaglloibsamloi,z emz oadzeimoSEinAMtàe, , Ro ma1 996).
5 Cfr.K enichiO hmaeT,h eE nodtf h e NSatatteTi.hoR eni osfRe e giEocnoamnlio eTshe,F r ee
PresNse,w Y ork1 99(5t raitd .La. findee lSlota to-nneLa.'z eigmoeedrreele lceo noremignioalei ,
Baldini& CastaMlildia,n o19 96B)e;r trBaanddi Lae ,F idenster ritoiErsesssau.leir d ésreoi rtnde­r
natieostnu lar'l u tsiolcidituaré lee spFeaycatrP,da ,r 1i9s59 (traitd .L. a fi ndee tie rririt.Soa ggio
sudli soirndteimnae:z eis ounlalle's uotcideialllerii stàpt eot, AsTtreirei1so9ts9e,6 A )n;d reGwa m­
bleP,o liatnFidac tsPeo l,i Ptrye ss, Cam2boroi(odt greait d .F. i dneepl olal iiltM iuclinao?B,o, l o­
gna2 002).
6 Cf.rM anuelC astellTsh,Re si eo ft hNee tokwr oScieBltayc,k wCealmlb,r id(gMea ss.)­
Oxfor1d9 9(6t radLa. niats.dec lilatas ociiner tàe tUnei,v erBsoictcào Mniil,a 2n0o0 2).
7 DaviHarvdey , ThCeond itioon/P o sotmdemityA.nE nquiinrytt hoOe ri goiC/nsu lrat!Cu hange,
BlackwOexllf,o rrd9 8(9t adr.i tLa. crideslila m odmeitàil, Sa ggiaMtiolraen,1o 9 93p,.2 95).
8 Cf.r eGorgRei tzTerhM,e c Donia:zldaotSifoo cnty.i A enI nvgeasttiiinotno theCh aCrh­anging
achotC/eo rn pteomrSaoryc Lii/aePl,i n Feo rgPer esTsh,o usaOnadk sL-ondoNne-wD elhir9 93
(trait.d Il. m ondaolM lac DonaildlM' usli,n Boo,l og1n9a9 .7S )ullcae ntradlecilot cnàe tot di
L 'ambivalengzlao bdaellilaz zazione 9
Dalail'tl rao,ts oia ssiaslct ofeniu gradriqs uie clhlCeol ifford
Geerhtacz hi amautn«o mo ndionf ramim:»eu9nn mt oncdioso eèm ­
prpei pùe rcdoadr isvoi esd iiofnfie ircleu sniiz net,po iemùvo i dente
è,a ppnutloe',m ergdeirr eea« loltcà»an leilqlue,ad leinlti'rnod iffe­
renzieal zsoic noofnien agmleonbtsacoilo ea,gl tuael nad enza alla coe­
sioena elr liat erirziztaeoz,ari l'iaolapnlparteea nrlei nczoan finamen­
toI.sn om,mp aaralleallda imseengdtniuea n r«ass io ciedto»à,- mon
attravdeapr resosacdstiuia n ifictaezcinoinceo -ese icmobnoolmiiccoa­
cult1u0 ermaeglreeq,,u adliem enospipoonesce to am plem,ue nnat are
moelptltiàdci «i mondlio c»ac,lh ie pronlepilif aensreoratrenadto a t i
ideioelpo,ag sseis ocnodipi iv esresbibs,ep neers iscoo ndcuocmieb ili,
vedreamm aot,r ciocuimn (ie tn,ri eclhiecguilolits.)ue r,a
Las fipdeearc e lclendze'ale lgtlào bèda ulneqq uueed llida a orrei ­
gianu en i nsi,ce ompmeleesi snod isgiduiunn gieimt bàoti lepillcei,t à:
chrei chnioesndo enl uoo svtir umdeinatginr oisstpalielcstoict eona­
rimoo dedriun no moonrdgoza anitinozt oarlnloe entità sovrane degli
Stamtaai n,hc ee,v identneumoepvnreto sep,ne otrtmiavLteasi fvie­.
daè d unqduueip clienq, u anltcaoo esidsiut neinetmz àoa l teplicità
costiilt/auttoid seclgell aoi bzaazzli,oc niileop èu ndtipo a rtiennez­a
ludicbhrieil ce hiineeddieip toietne tseir prriestpaetmtiotvdoee ra­lla
nictlàa aso,s« irpci»mm aodeirtalnàl;so t etsesmoqp uoe clloae sistenza
nopnu ò dcihvee nilp tuanrdtea'o r rdii ovgonip aradniognnmiavato
(seisaes ot ipcool,io tg iicuor icdhnieoc vnoo )g sloitat arlarclsoaim ­
plseisdtleà'lt eàgl o.bS aolnieont asle ndsaao c cogliere positivamen­
tel ep ropdoisd ties tilnezsisocinocema pele eers, e mqpuieotll raa
gloibzazlaezm ioonndieiz azlazgiloonbea,li zepz laazniiezotznarae zio­
nei,n ternlaizzzaiizooenmn eoa ndializ11t zeaaszpeip ouannd eti,os tin-
<<spazciford>.a> g,sl cia pdeiAs r juAnp padurMaoid,ern itya tLa rge.C ultura! DimoenfGs loibo­ns
alizatUinoinv,e rosfiM tiyn nesPorteas Msi,n neap1o9l9i(6st raidtM..o demitÌ1 inp olvMeerel,­
temiR,o ma zooarC )a,r lGoa lli,S pazi pLo'ltÌJei mtoidcernai .e ! 'egtÌ1l obailleM ,uli no,B ologna
zoor ;c fra.n che Chiara eGM iaaucrcMoaa rgdaitL t' iig,ol obaDlei.n amideclhlase o ciaclointÌ1­
temporaLnaetae,r Rzoam,a -B2a0r0i3 c,h ep ardlia< <aspazippa.l5 i2t-à5e»36 , 3s gg.
9 CliffGoeredr tMzo,n dgol obamleo,n dlio caCluil.t eup roal iatilcfilaan ed evlen tessiemcoo ­
loi,lM ulinoB,o log1n9a9 9p,.1 7·
1°C frM.a rramaPoa,s saggaOi coc idenctietc .f;ra .nc heE dgaMro riAnI,d ilà delglalo bliaz­
zazieod neel slvoi luspopecotÌ1i:- monodi om pero-monidnAlo ain? ,C ailleé AlfrSeadlos (aacn uro a
di)Q,u al«ea ltmroan dializzaBzoilolnBaeot»ri?i ,n ghTioerriin,o p2p03.0- 41,7 .
11C frr.i spettivJae maenLn-utcNea ncLya,C réatidoumn o ndeo ula m ondisaaltiioGna,l ilée,
Par2i0s0 2 (titr .Laa dc.re aziodnemelo ndoola mondializzaEziinoanuTedoi,r, i 2n0o0 3M)ar;e
AugéJ,o urnadleg uerreG,a liléPea,r 2i0s0 (2t raidtD..ia riod ig uerra,B ollBaotrii nghiTeorrii,-
IO Introduzione
guelread iensiodnescridtatlidlviaam ensinoonrem ativamaeu­nte
m e
spicabile.
Ilp roblepmear nòo,n s ufficienteamsesnutnedt aold ibattciot­no
temporasntenaoe ,fl a tcthoep ensean rormativaumenin ntsei ee mdi
unietd ài fferenzdiiga lzoiboenal elo,ec aelsei,dg iep orcsriit icamente
rispeatlltseou c eo nfigureasziisotnpeien rts iv,e laqruneel clheev orir e
definirel ei ntrinpsaetcohle.o 1Èg2qi uee sdt'oa lptarrat e,p remseo t­
mi
tolineiaclro lmop,ip troi madreilofl ial ossoofciiaa iloenè: o nsc olqou el­
lod ip ropournraZe e itdiaugnna«o dsiea,g ndoesplir seente»configu­
,
randosicomdei rebAbned ercso,m uen a« filosodf'iocaca siocnhees» i
,
muovian r esad iretctoanil m ondeon es elezdiiov noil tianv oltgal i
p
evenstiig nifimcaaa tnicvhqieu; e lldoii nvesitplirr ee sedin tuen os guar­
doc rittiecsaoos nidaarpnoer cioetnr,a dizdioin,a spedtetgie rnaetivi.
L'esisdtieq nuzeasp taet olaoppgairepe a rtairmceonltee videsnets ei
vannoa da nalizzgalerife f eetl tetri afosrmazionic hel ag lobali­zzazio
ne prosdiunace els ltaru ttuarnatr opoldoegiidcniaid uo nee pie rcodris i
l'l v
/onnaziodneel l'idseinnaet llietà/,o drmice osutzniietdoe lle game sociale.
Ses ivu olec,o mèemi a intenzdiaornleeap , r oiritàa q uesatspoe ttèo ,
inevitabilec hcleoa cn osetsaitsattrreeuan n ziaf icagzlioobneae l ef ram­
mentazlioocnaesl ipe r esepnituat tcoosmteuo nad ivaricazcihoetn reo ­
va ignien elplaet oldoeglileg' leotàb eac lheea s uav oltianu, n as orta
or
di circovlioz iodsàoo r,i gaidne es sSei.a ssiisntfea dttaui n,l ataol,l a
radicalizzdaezlli'oinned ivmiod( ugalloibesa luaen )a s uat orsivoenre­
sol 'atomiesl m'oi ndiffle'roemnozlao,g aezl i'oinlel imidtaaltle'zazla­;
troa,la lr adicalizdzeaclzo imounnei ta(rilsomcoac lhees) f,o csiemap re
piùdi,en ednemented alldei vemrsaretci ic hen es onaof ondamen­
in p t
toi,ag ng regazairocnia iecf husein oa,e ntropeidce hsec lusRiitveen.­
li
go dtettlo c ondiviisniq buielset,o sleadn aisgnoos,i d iE dgaMro rin:
u
tanglit oi ndividuoaclicsimid eqnutaanliti o mc uonitaridsimo ig nluio go, chseia m­
plinfoic coangiuntasmupelin atnee atsacso,en dnaoe d iffondilom naol per imordiale
dellian comprenusmiaon[na..e. ] L 'individuoaclciisdmeona tiaualt pei lù' egocen-
no2 00)A2;l aCiailnl éAh mee tl nsQeul,a« lea lmtorniada lizzaiznC iailolenéS e a»l?s,a(n aco u ra
di),Q ualer«ama olntdzizaalziicotin.pe,.r» 2?o .
12P resupqpuolniadg eof inidzaitdoaanA exe Hlo nnedtehl «lpea tloogied eslo ciailnet»e ­
sec om«eq uperio cdeiss vsiil udpeplsolo ac icehtesà i p ossocnoon cepciormees vilius pbapgliati
o distaut»rit,ba lid acc oimopèr omeqtuteelrplera o mespseare ccelldeenlzmlaoa d ernictheàè
la'utorealdiezgzilanizd iiovn(iePd autio dloegSsio ezni DaileAenu .gf baed eSro zialspohpiihleo,
FiscFhrearnkfurt, a M.. r 99t4r;a .di tpar.z, ialeP,a tologilee,iden « l<risdoecr»8i,1, a9 96p,.2 96).
L' ambivadleelnglazl ao balizzazione II
trislm'oie,ns tpseeerr soln'aaluet,o gicuhsletca io fmipcraedzneisagoililno[ .ten r ei
..]
Nelsletos tseom ploen, u ocvhei ucsoumruern iiietnt,a u tltece i vpirlotvào cano
inmcporentsripaoo npioep loop onlaoz,ie no anzei roenleie,gr ieolnieg ione.
u
Quesdtiavc aarziinoonènt e u ttiaplvr ioadi ontetddoei 'ltteloàg lo­
balceo,ms ep essmesborp ar esuplrapi ofrlreceso snitoenmepm oar anea,
affdoaan m iaov vissuore a ldneie cplie rcsotresdsoes lmolo adr enità.
Propopnegrocp iròe,l imnitnuean,rra mi ecostdriau lzcisuonnnoied i
fonmdeanltdiaiq uepsetroc cohrnesee o v idceonnztiie cn eusiputeràre ,
dsitingiunpe rrielm uoo gglaois peltetgiiet det miamnic idpealt­ivi
l'iivnidadluiesd meocl o munitdaarlliloscermo oon figUpraatzoilooni­
gic.Dh eevroi corneoa,qs uceepsrtoop oismlii dtoeo b,vi etroas p­o l'
prcocidoec sotrout,it nitvienss oe nlsaotc ohmi,e hac onsednit ito
rpiensaalrcecu noncie ctetnitd realtlilr aa diozcicoindeeem notdaelre­
nas,o ttdroaaleliln aa clcoerzeois osneen z(icaoliminesd ti,ivs cioadg u­o
getitdoe,n eto irtgàa)n i(ccioilsmc teoi nccade ict otmotun à,io) ppure
lbieralndida o duenac linaalztirou(nicesoc tmuierrc aea,s piolin.ts àa)b
Tutitaac,ov mvee dr,el am'sosunpzriioonreiu tnsaogr uiaacrir ­do
di
tiecd oe costcroustttiiptvemuoreii splcr eep souspnteoc,e seis naer­io
ludiil,pbe epro tseurc cesspievnassmaterrneata tettea ecgi oer relgeg ere
patodleollg'igeelt oàbe a rilaoce m operrla d iavriczaiotnriean dividuali­
smeoc omnuita.rS ieèsv meorion fcahtlett' igàe l opbraoldelau r caedi ­
cailzzazdieloplnaelet o ogdieelm load erniètv àe,ar noc hee spcsrhaee ­
senitnae dpiottieeia ntlazàt at ep refipgousrsasirubnpileeee rn ila.t m o
Osseisnosed eIlole o' ssieosdnseeNl oi
2.
Làm ipar itmeiacs nosidsutneqn ueselo stcehnleee' rtgeàl obè ale
craatterdaiu znszaoa rtdtaipa o lari-zpzaatzoi-lo,ocn ghevieec dae
dau nl altm'oee rgdeiur nei d nvidiuaslmoii lliimatteod ,a 'llaltro la
nacsidtifa o rdmice om uintriasmoe nodagmioc.
Èb enperc eissaurbei to chpea tqounleooscngto iere r diusep ondono
aftftaaold lueoe p popsotlead riui npt ràe s«us nctoonttrcraiot v» àil1,4
13E dgaMro rinA,l d ilà delglal obizazlaizonee desllvoi luspopcoi:e tà-mooi nmdeproo- mo­n
do?i,n C ailél Sea lsan o( ac urdai )Q,u al«ea ltmroan dialiv.azciiotpn.pe,.1» 4?- 15.
14C frS.a muleP .H untingtTohneC, la sho fC ivilizaantidto hnsRe e makionfWg o rldO rder,
Simo&n SchutserN,e wY ork1 99(6 traitdL..o s condetroll ec ilvtài ieln uovoor dimnoen diale,
GarzanMtiil,a n1o99 7).