Table Of ContentOPEN
K B Bleda S. Düring, Claudia Glatz (Eds.)
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Turkey’s northern edge is a region of contrasts and diversity. From the rugged peaks E a KINETIC
of the Pontic mountains and hidden inland valleys to the plains and rocky alcoves T
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of the Black Sea coast, this landscape shaped and was shaped by its inhabitants’ C .
ways of life, their local cultural traditions, and the ebbs and flows of land-based and L D LANDSCAPES
maritime networks of interaction. Between 2009 and 2011, an international team of A ür
N i
specialists and students of the Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) investigated the n
challenging landscapes of the Cide and (cid:249)enpazar districts of Kastamonu province. D g
S , THE CIDE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT: SURVEYING
CAP presents the first systematic archaeological survey of the western Turkish C C
Black Sea region. The information gathered by the project extends its known A la THE TURKISH WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION
human history by 10,000 years and offers an unprecedented insight into the region’s P u
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shifting cultural, social and political ties with Anatolia and the Circumpontic. This i
S a
volume presents the project’s approach and methodologies, its results and their
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interpretation within period-specific contexts and through a long-term landscape
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a
perspective.
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Dr. Bleda S. Düring, Dr. Claudia Glatz, s
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is Associate Professor at the is Lecturer in Archaeology at )
Faculty of Archaeology at the University of Glasgow. Her
Leiden University. His research research centres on early social
focuses on Prehistoric Anatolia, complexity, imperialism and
early Assyrian imperialism, and highland-lowland encounters
Oman. in Anatolia and the Zagros-
Mesopotamian interface.
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www.degruyter.com R
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ISBN 978-3-11-044496-4 Y
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R
Bleda S. Düring, Claudia Glatz (Eds.)
Kinetic Landscapes
The Cide Archaeological Project: Surveying the Turkish Western Black Sea Region
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Bleda S. Düring,
Claudia Glatz (Eds.)
Kinetic
Landscapes
The Cide Archaeological Project: Surveying the Turkish
Western Black Sea Region
Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak
Associate Editor: Łukasz Połczyński
Language Editor: Nadia Smith
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Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin
Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license,
which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the
author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.
Copyright © 2015 Bleda S. Düring, Claudia Glatz and chapters’ contributors
ISBN: 978-3-11-044496-4
e-ISBN: 978-3-11-044497-1
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed
bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
Managing Editor: Katarzyna Michalak
Associate Editor: Łukasz Połczyński
Language Editor: Nadia Smith
www.degruyteropen.com
Cover illustration: © Photo of Cide coastal stretch looking east from ridge at Abdulkadir
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Contents
Acknowledgements XII
List of Contributors XIV
List of Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) Team Members XVI
List of Cide Archaeological Project (CAP) Publications XVIII
Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz
1 The Origins and Development of the Cide Archaeological Project 1
Bibliography 7
Bleda S. Düring and Claudia Glatz
2 Remote Landscapes in Flux – The Cide and Şenpazar Region 9
2.1 The Cide-Şenpazar Landscapes 9
2.1.1 Ecology and Climate 9
2.1.2 Geology 12
2.1.3 Coastal Changes of the Black Sea 13
2.2 Humans in the Cide-Şenpazar Landscapes 15
2.2.1 Transport and Communication in a Rugged Landscape 15
2.2.2 Resources and Livelihoods in the Cide-Şenpazar Region 21
2.3 A Landscape in Flux 26
2.4 Summary 31
Bibliography 31
Murat Karasalihoğlu and Bleda S. Düring
3 Traveller’s Notes on the Cide Region through the Ages 36
3.1 Cide in Greek and Roman Sources 37
3.2 The Cide Region in the Ottoman Period 41
3.3 Conclusion 48
Bibliography 50
Claudia Glatz, Bleda S. Düring and Toby C. Wilkinson, with contributions by Bernard
Gratuze, Richard Jones, Effie Photos-Jones, and Victor Klinkenberg
4 Developing an Adaptive Field Methodology for Challenging Landscapes
53
4.1 Traditions of Archaeological Survey in Turkey and Beyond 54
4.1.1 Extensive and Intensive Survey Traditions 54
4.1.2 Regional Survey in Turkey 55
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4.2 Ambitions for CAP: A Hybrid and Adaptive Method 57
4.2.1 Sampling: Ecological and Topographic Zones, Visibility and Accessibility
59
4.2.2 Recording Frameworks: Data Models, Forms, Digital Database and GIS
63
4.2.3 Spatial Frameworks: Sites and Units 65
4.3 Field Methods 68
4.3.1 Remote Sensing, Mapping and Desk-Based Survey 70
4.3.2 Targeted Reconnaissance 71
4.3.3 Local Memories: Oral History and Historical Photographs 75
4.3.4 Tract-Walking and Unit-Walking 76
4.3.5 Grid-Square Collection 81
4.4 Analytical Recording Procedures and Approaches to Finds 82
4.4.1 Pottery Procedures 82
4.4.1.1 Pottery and Tile Recording and Macroscopic Analysis 82
4.4.1.2 Laboratory-based Pottery Analyses 83
4.4.2 Lithic Procedures 86
4.4.2.1 Lithic Macroscopic Inspection and Analysis 86
4.4.2.2 Sourcing Obsidian 88
4.5 Dating Procedures 89
4.5.1 Comparative Dating of Pottery, Lithics and Features 89
4.5.2 Absolute Dating 92
4.6 Geomorphological Research 92
4.7 Geochemical Research 93
4.8 Archaeometallurgy 94
4.9 Concluding Comments: Assessing the CAP Methodology 95
Bibliography 98
Bleda S. Düring and Victor Klinkenberg
5 The Early Prehistory of the Cide-Şenpazar Region: ca. 10,000-3000 BC
104
5.1 The Problem of the Early to Mid-Holocene Occupation of Northern Turkey
104
5.1.1 Dating Prehistoric Assemblages 106
5.2 The Palaeolithic (1,000,000-10,000 BC) 109
5.3 The Early Holocene (10,000-5500 BC) 110
5.3.1 Okçular and Abdulkadir 111
5.3.2 Aybasan Mahallesi 117
5.3.3 Çamdibi 123
5.3.4 Obsidian Exchange Networks 124
5.3.5 The Early Holocene in the Cide-Şenpazar Region: By Way of Summary 126
5.4 The Chalcolithic (5500-3000 BC) 127
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5.4.1 Okçular Kale İni 128
5.4.2 Derebağ Köy Mağarası 136
5.4.3 Kılıçlı Mağarası 138
5.4.4 The Chalcolithic in the Cide-Şenpazar Region: By Way of Summary
140
5.5 Conclusion 141
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 142
Bibliography 147
Claudia Glatz, with contributions by Michele Massa
6 The Later Prehistory of the Cide-Şenpazar Region: ca. 2600-2000 BC
151
6.1 Chronological Considerations 151
6.2 Ceramic Assemblages from the Later Early Bronze Age in the Cide-
Şenpazar Region 152
6.2.1 Kılıçlı Mağarası 152
6.2.2 Okçular Kale İni 165
6.2.3 Derebağ Köy Mağarası 165
6.2.4 Summary 166
6.3 Early Bronze Age Communities in the Central Turkish Black Sea Region
167
6.4 Conclusions 173
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 174
Bibliography 178
Claudia Glatz
7 Beyond the Frontier: The Second Millennium BC in the Cide-Şenpazar
Region 183
7.1 Issues and Open Questions 183
7.2 The Middle and Late Bronze Age Evidence from Cide-Şenpazar 185
7.2.1 The Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC) 186
7.2.2 The Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) 190
7.2.3 A Local Ceramic Tradition 192
7.3 The Turkish Central Black Sea Region in the Middle and Late Bronze
Ages 194
7.4 Settlement Trends in the Turkish Central Black Sea Region 199
7.5 Middle and Late Bronze Age Cide in Context 200
7.6 Filling Empty Landscapes 202
7.7 Conclusions 204
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 205
Bibliography 206
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T. Emre Şerifoğlu
8 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Iron Age (ca. 1200 to 325/300 BC) 212
8.1 North and North-Central Anatolia in the Iron Age – The Historical
Perspective 213
8.2 North and North-Central Anatolia in the Iron Age – The Archaeological
Evidence 216
8.3 The Iron Ages in Cide and Şenpazar 221
8.3.1 Iron Age I 222
8.3.2 Iron Age II 225
8.3.3 Iron Age III 227
8.4 Locales of the Cide Iron Age 229
8.4.1 Gideros 229
8.4.2 Iron Age Caves 230
8.5 Final Remarks 232
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 232
Bibliography 236
T. Emre Şerifoğlu and Caner Bakan
9 The Cide-Şenpazar Region during the Hellenistic Period (325/300 - 1 BC) 246
9.1 The Hellenistic Period on the Turkish Black Sea Coast 246
9.2 Hellenistic Settlement Patterns 247
9.3 Trade and Economy 248
9.4 Archaeological Evidence from Cide and Şenpazar 249
9.5 Conclusion 254
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 254
Bibliography 255
Philip Bes
10 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Roman Period 260
10.1 Historical Background 262
10.2 The Pottery — Breakdown by Period and Functional Class 263
10.2.1 Table Wares 265
10.2.2 Amphorae 266
10.2.3 Cooking Wares and Other 270
10.3 Discussion 270
10.3.1 Provenance and Proportions 270
10.3.2 Spatial and Chronological Distribution 271
10.3.3 Interpretation of the Data 285
10.4 Conclusion 289
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 289
Bibliography 290
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Marica Cassis
11 The Cide-Şenpazar Region in the Byzantine Period 294
11.1 Methodological Problems 295
11.2 Historical Survey 298
11.3 Byzantine Finds and Sites in Cide and Şenpazar 303
11.3.1 Ceramics 303
11.3.1.1 Glazed Table Wares 305
11.3.1.2 Unglazed Table Wares 307
11.3.1.3 Kitchen Wares 309
11.3.1.4 Amphorae 309
11.3.1.5 Tiles 309
11.3.2 Byzantine Settlements 312
11.3.2.1 Okçular 312
11.3.2.2 Çamdibi 321
11.3.2.3 Abdulkadir 324
11.3.2.4 Other Settlements 325
11.3.3 Byzantine Fortifications 325
11.3.3.1 Gideros Batı Kalesi (S12) 331
11.3.3.2 Gideros Doğu Kalesi (S121) 331
11.3.3.3 Kazallı Kalesi (S91) 332
11.3.3.4 Timle Kale 1 (S110) 333
11.3.3.5 Timle Kale 2 (S112) 335
11.3.3.6 Aydos Kale (S190) 335
11.3.3.7 Hıdır Kalesi (S62) 338
11.3.3.8 Akça Kale (S135) 340
11.3.3.9 Koca Kale (S154) 340
11.3.4 Religious Spaces and Hermit Caves 343
11.3.5 Spolia and Other Remains 355
11.4 Conclusions 358
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 359
Bibliography 361
Joanita Vroom
12 The Fortress of Çoban Kalesi, Late Medieval Ceramic and Small Finds
364
12.1 The Glazed Wares 366
12.2 The Unglazed Wares 368
12.3 The Small Finds 369
12.4 Some Concluding Remarks 370
Catalogue of Illustrated Artefacts 372
Bibliography 373
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