Table Of ContentST ANTONY'S/MACMILLAN SERIES
General Editors: Archie Brown ( 1978-85) and Rosemary Thorp ( 1985- ) ,
both Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford
Recent titles include:
Christopher Abel and Colin M. Lewis (editors) WELFARE, POVERTY AND
DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA
Jeremy Adelman (editor) ESSAYS IN ARGENTINE LABOUR HISTORY, 1870--1930
Orlando Albornoz EDUCATION AND SOCIETY IN LATIN AMERICA
Amatzia Baram CULTURE, HISTORY AND IDEOLOGY IN THE FORMATION
OF BA'THIST IRAQ, 1968-89
Gail Lee Bernstein and Haruhiro Fukui (editors) JAPAN AND THE WORLD
Archie Brown (editor) NEW THINKING IN SOVIET POLITICS
Archie Brown (editor) POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE SOVIET UNION
Deborah Fahy Bryceson FOOD INSECURITY AND THE SOCIAL DIVISION OF
LABOUR IN TANZANIA, 1919--85
Victor Bulmer-Thomas STUDIES IN THE ECONOMICS OF CENTRAL AMERICA
Sir Alec Cairncross PLANNING IN WARTIME
Helen Callaway GENDER, CULTURE AND EMPIRE
Rodolfo Cerdas-Cruz THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL IN CENTRAL
AMERICA, 1920--36
Anuson Chinvanno THAILAND'S POLICIES TOWARDS CHINA, 1949-54
Colin Clarke (editor) SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN THE CARIBBEAN
David Cleary ANATOMY OF THE AMAZON GOLD RUSH
John Crabtree PERU UNDER GARCiA
Alex Danchev (editor) INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE FALKLANDS
CONFLICT
Joiio de Pina-Cabral and John Campbell (editors) EUROPE OBSERVED
Robert Desjardins THE SOVIET UNION THROUGH FRENCH EYES
Guido di Tella and Carlos Rodriguez Braun (editors) ARGENTINA, 1946-83: THE
ECONOMIC MINISTERS SPEAK
Guido di Tella and D. Cameron Watt (editors) ARGENTINA BETWEEN THE
GREAT POWERS, 1939-46
Guido di Tella and Rudiger Dornbusch (editors) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
ARGENTINA, 1946-83
D. R. Dorondo BAVARIA AND GERMAN FEDERALISM
Saul Dubow RACIAL SEGREGATION AND THE ORIGINS OF APARTHEID IN
SOUTH AFRICA, 1919-36
Anne Lincoln Fitzpatrick THE GREAT RUSSIAN FAIR
Michael B. Froman THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF DETENTE
Haruhiro Fukui, Peter H. Merkt, Hubertus Miiller-G!oeling and Akio Watanabe
(editors) THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE IN POSTWAR JAPAN AND
WEST GERMANY
Heather D. Gibson THE EUROCURRENCY MARKETS, DOMESTIC FINANCIAL
POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTABILITY
Heather D. Gibson and Euclid Tsakalotos (editors) ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
AND FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION
Avner Git'adi CHILDREN OF ISLAM
David Haii-Cathala THE PEACE MOVEMENT IN ISRAEL, 1967-87
John B. Hattendorf and Robert S. Jordan (editors) MARITIME STRATEGY AND
THE BALANCE OF POWER
Beatrice Heuser and Robert O'Neill (editors) SECURING PEACE IN EUROPE,
1945-62
Linda Hitchcox VIETNAMESE REFUGEES IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN CAMPS
Derek Hopwood HABIB BOURGUIBA OF TUNISIA
Derek Hopwood (editor) STUDIES IN ARAB HISTORY
Amitzur Ilan BERNAOOTTE IN PALESTINE, 1948
Anita Isaacs MILITARY RULE AND TRANSmON IN ECUADOR, 1972-92
Hiroshi Ishida SOCIAL MOBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN
Jeremy Jennings (editor) INTELLECTUALS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY FRANCE
A. Kemp-Welch THE BIRTH OF SOLIDARITY
Leslie McLoughlin IBN SAUD: FOUNDER OF A KINGDOM
Robert H. McNeal STALIN: MAN AND RULER
lftikhar H. Malik Us-sOUTH ASIAN RELATIONS, 19<ID-47
Ziba Moshaver NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION IN THE INDIAN
SUBCONTINENT
Jonathan Osmond RURAL PROTEST IN THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
Leslie Palmier (editor) DETENTE IN ASIA?
George Philip THE PRESIDENCY IN MEXICAN POLITICS
Riitta H. Pittman THE WRITER'S DIVIDED SELF IN BULGAKOV'S THE
MASTER AND MARGARITA
J. L. Porket WORK, EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE SOVIET
UNION
Brian Powell KABUKI IN MODERN JAPAN
Alfonso W. Quiroz DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN FINANCE IN MODERN PERU,
1850-1950
Laurie P. Salitan POLITICS AND NATIONALITY IN CONTEMPORARY SOVIET
JEWISH EMIGRATION, 1968-89
Gregor Schollgen A CONSERVATIVE AGAINST HITLER (translated by Louise
Wil/mot)
Wenguang Shao CHINA, BRITAIN AND BUSINESSMEN
Sebastian Siebel-Achenbach LOWER SILESIA FROM NAZI GERMANY TO
COMMUNIST POLAND, 1942-49
Pierre L. Siklos WAR FINANCE, RECONSTRUCTION, HYPERINFLATION AND
STABILIZATION IN HUNGARY, 1938-48
H. Gordon Skilling (editor) CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1918-88
H. Gordon Skilling (editor) SAMIZDAT AND AN INDEPENDENT SOCIETY IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
Barbara Stallings and Gabriel Szekely (editors) JAPAN, THE UNITED STATES, AND
LATIN AMERICA
Verena Stolcke COFFEE PLANTERS, WORKERS AND WIVES
Joseph S. Szyliowicz POLITICS, TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
Haris Vlavianos GREECE, 1941-49: FROM RESISTANCE TO CIVIL WAR
Jane Watts BLACK WRITERS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Phillip J. Williams THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND POLmCS IN NICARAGUA
AND COSTA RICA
Japan, the United States,
and Latin America
Toward a Trilateral Relationship in the
Western Hemisphere?
Edited by
Barbara Stallings
Professor of Political Science
Director of the Global Studies Research Program
University of Wisconsin-Madison
and
Gabriel Szekely
Senior Fellow
Center for US-Mexican Studies
University of California-San Diego
150th YEAR
M
in association with
Palgrave Macmillan
MACMILLAN
© Barbara Stallings and Gabriel Szekely 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 978-0-333-58775-1
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published 1993 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-13130-3 ISBN 978-1-349-13128-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13128-0
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Copy-edited and typeset by PoveyfEdmondson
Okehampton and Rochdale, England
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables vii
Acknowledgments ix
Notes on the Contributors X
Part I Introduction
The New Trilateralism: the United States, Japan and Latin
America
Barbara Stallings and Gabriel Szekely 3
Part II Perspectives From Japan
2 Japan's Economic Relations with Latin America
Kotaro Horisaka 49
3 Japanese Diplomacy toward Latin America after World
War II
Hiroshi Matsushita 77
4 Japanese Migration to Latin America
/yo Kunimoto 99
Part III Latin American Case Studies
5 Brazil-Japan Relations: From Fever to Chill
Ernani T. Torres 125
6 Mexico's International Strategy: Looking East and North
Gabriel Szekely 149
7 Peruvian-Japanese Relations: The Frustration of Resource
Diplomacy
Pablo de Ia Flor 171
v
vi Contents
8 Chile and Japan: Opening Doors through Trade
Neantro Saavedra-Rivano 191
9 Panama and Japan: The Role of the Panama Canal
Charlotte Elton 210
Index 229
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1 Japan's economic relations with Latin America and
Southeast Asia 61
2.2 Changes in Japanese business motivation in Latin
America 63
Tables
1.1 US and Japanese investment stock and bank debt by
region, 1990 10
1.2 US and Japanese economic transactions with the world,
1985-90 12
1.3 US and Japanese direct foreign investment in Latin
America by sector, 1989 24
1.4 US and Japanese economic transactions with Latin
America by sub-region, 1989 27
2.1 Japan's trade with Latin America, 1938-90 52
2.2 Japan's direct foreign investment by region, 1951-90 55
2.3 Japan's medium/long-term loans outstanding by region,
1982-90 57
2.4 Japan's bilateral ODA by region, 1975-90 68
2.5 Japan's expanded capital recycling program, 1987-92 69
4.1 Number of Japanese emigrants residing abroad by
region, 1988 101
4.2 Japanese emigrants receiving subsidies, 1952-88 102
4.3 Japanese emigration to Latin America by country,
1899-1941 103
4.4 Japanese emigration to Latin America by country,
1952-88 113
5.1 Brazilian trade with Japan and the United States,
1964-91 131
5.2 Direct foreign investment in Brazil, 1971-91 134
5.3 Brazilian external debt with private banks, 1985-90 140
5.4 Japanese government assistance to Brazil, 1960-90 142
6.1 Stock of Japanese investment in Mexico, 197Q-90 155
vii
viii List of Figures and Tables
6.2 Mexico's trade with Japan and the United States,
1970--90 158
6.3 Japanese loans to Mexico, 1982-91 163
7.1 Peruvian trade with Japan, 1971-90 176
7.2 Japanese direct investment in Peru by sectors, 1951-90 178
7.3 Japanese technical assistance to Peru, 1980--88 185
8.1 Chilean trade with Japan, 1978-91 193
8.2 Sectoral composition of Chilean exports to Japan,
1984-91 195
8.3a Japanese direct investment in Chile according to
Japanese sources, 1951-90 198
8.3b Japanese direct investment in Chile according to
Chilean sources, 1982-91 199
8.4 Loans from the Japanese Export-Import Bank to Chile,
1987-90 205
9.1 Assets of US and Japanese banks in the Panama
International Banking Center, 1984 219
9.2 Two views of Japanese trade with Panama, 1984-90 220
9.3 Use of the Panamanian flag for shipping registry,
1978-84 221
Acknowledgments
The papers commissioned for this volume were originally discussed at
a meeting at the University of California-San Diego in April 1990.
Support for this meeting and other costs of preparing the manuscript
were provided by the the Center for Iberian and Latin American
Studies and the Center for US -Mexican Studies (both at UCSD) and
the World Peace Foundation. We are pleased to acknowledge their
assistance. Barbara Stallings would also like to thank the Global
Studies Research Program of the University of Wisconsin-Madison
and the Japan Foundation for support; and Gabriel Szekely would like
to thank the Center for US - Mexican Studies at the University of
California - San Diego, the University of California Pacific Rim
Program, and the Japan-US Friendship Commission.
For their intellectual input to the book, we would like to acknowl
edge Manuel Araya, Dario Braun, Leon Hollerman, Chalmers
Johnson, Ed Lincoln, Carlos Moneta, Amalia Martinez, Wilson
Peres, Frances Rosenbluth, Bill Smith, Peter Smith, Marcelo Suarez,
and Ezra Vogel. Administrative assistance was provided by Susanne
Wagner.
Finally, for their help in the publication process, we appreciate the
support of Tim Farmiloe of Macmillan and Henry Tom of the Johns
Hopkins University Press.
BARBARA STALLINGS GABRIEL SZEKELY
ix
