Investigation on Rheology of Oil Well Cement Slurries

275 Pages·2017·2.63 MB·English

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Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository
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Anjuman Shahriar, University of Western Ontario
Supervisor: Dr. Moncef Nehdi, The University of Western Ontario
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree
in Civil and Environmental Engineering
© Anjuman Shahriar 2011
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INVESTIGATION ON RHEOLOGY OF OIL WELL CEMENT SLURRIES

(Spine title: Rheology of oil well cement slurries)

(Thesis format: Integrated Article)

by

Anjuman Shahriar

Graduate Program in Engineering Science
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
The University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada

© Anjuman Shahriar 2011
THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO
School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION

Supervisor Examiners

______________________________ ______________________________
Dr. Moncef Nehdi Dr. Maged A. Youssef

Supervisory Committee
______________________________
Dr. Craig Miller
______________________________

______________________________
Dr. Liying Jiang
______________________________

______________________________
Dr. Ammar Yahia

The thesis by

Anjuman Shahriar

entitled:

Investigation on Rheology of Oil Well Cement Slurries

is accepted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy

______________________ _______________________________
Date Chair of the Thesis Examination Board
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ABSTRACT
The rheology of oil well cement (OWC) slurries is generally more complicated than that of
conventional cement paste. In order to contend with bottom hole conditions (wide range of
pressure and temperature), a number of additives are usually used in the OWC slurries, which
exhibit different characteristics depending on the combination of admixture used. The
objective of this research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the important
mechanisms that affect the rheology of OWC slurry incorporating various chemical and
mineral admixtures. The partial replacement of OWC using different mineral admixtures,
offers both environmental and economic benefits.
The mechanisms underlying the effects of chemical admixtures on the rheology of OWC
slurry were investigated at different temperatures using an advanced shear-stress/shear-strain
controlled rheometer. The compatibility and interactions between the binder and chemical
admixtures were explored. It was found that the rheological properties of OWC slurries are
highly dependent on the temperature, water/cement ratio, and the admixture used. Coupled
effects of temperature and chemical admixtures had a substantial effect on the flow properties of
the slurries. The results indicated that current technical data for chemical admixtures need to
be validated for oil well cementing; admixtures proven effective in normal cementing work
at moderate temperature may become ineffective for oil well cementing at high temperature.
The coupled effects of temperature and supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) on the
rheology of OWC slurry were also investigated. Because of differences in their chemical
compositions and the mechanisms by which they act, OWC slurries incorporating SCMs
exhibit different rheological behaviour than those prepared with pure OWC. It was found that
not all SCMs act in similar manner when used as partial replacement for cement. For
example, fly ash, owing to its spherical particle shape, reduces the water demand when used.
On the other hand, silica fume increased the water demand because of its higher surface area.
Results suggested that new generation polycarboxylate-based high-range water reducing
admixtures (PCH) improved the rheological properties of all slurries at all temperature tested.
However, lower PCH dosage was found to be less efficient in reducing the yield stress or
plastic viscosity of OWC slurries when metakaolin (MK) or rice husk ash (RHA) were used
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as partial replacement for OWC. PCH was found to enhance the shear thickening behaviour
of OWC slurries and the intensity of this behaviour varied with the type and amount of SCM.
Such a phenomenon was amplified with metakaolin, reduced by SF, unchanged with FA and
showed irregular behaviour with RHA.
Furthermore, new equations were proposed using multiple regression analysis (MRA) and
design of experiments (DOE) to predict the Bingham parameters (yield stress and plastic
viscosity) of cement slurries prepared in combination with or without SCMs considering
various parameters including the ambient temperature, chemical admixture type and dosage,
and superplasticizer type and dosage. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was
developed to predict the rheological properties of OWC slurries. The results indicated that
the predicted rheological parameters for OWC slurries were in good agreement with
corresponding experimental results. However, the ANN-based model performed better than
the MRA-based model or DOE-based model in predicting the rheological properties of OWC
slurries.

Keywords: oil well cement, rheology, cement slurry, high temperature, superplasticizer,
yield stress, viscosity, thixotropy, fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, rice husk ask, multiple
regression analysis, artificial neural network, design of experiment, modeling.

iv
COPYRIGHT AND CO-AUTHORSHIP

This thesis has been prepared in accordance with the specifications of Integrated Article
(Formerly Manuscript) format stipulated by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at The
University of Western Ontario. All the experimental works were conducted in the Advanced
Concrete Technology Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario by the author under
the supervision of Prof. Moncef Nehdi. Major portions of the work outlined in this thesis
have been published or are under review (see list below) for possible publication in peer-
reviewed technical journals and conferences. The author carried out all experimental work,
data analysis, modeling process, and writing of the initial draft of all papers listed below. The
contribution of her research advisor consisted of providing guidance and supervision, and
helping in the development of the final versions of the publications.

Refereed Journal Publications
1. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2010) Effect of chemical admixture on rheology of oil well
cement slurries. Accepted in Construction Materials, ICE, Jul 2010, 40 p, (ID: COMA-D-
10-00023R1).
2. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2010) Artificial intelligence model for rheological
properties of oil well cement slurries. Submitted to ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering.
3. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2011) Modeling rheological properties of oil well cement
slurries using artificial neural networks and multiple regression analysis. Submitted to
Construction & Building Materials.
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4. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2011) Artificial intelligence model for rheological
properties of oil well cement slurries incorporating supplementary cementitious materials.
Submitted to Advances in Cement Research.
5. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2011) Optimization of Rheological Properties of Oil Well
Cement Slurries Using Experimental Design. Submitted to Cement and Concrete
research.
6. Shahriar, A., and Nehdi, M. (2008) Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on
rheology of oil well cement slurries. Proc. of Annual Conference - Canadian Society for
Civil Engineering, Vol. 3, 10-13 Jun, 1494-1502 (Ph.D. Work)

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Salma Begum and Md. Amjad Hossain who have always
been a great encouragement for this great achievement, and to my twin baby girls, Saniya
and Sabrina and to my husband, Shahria Alam who make my life meaningful and enjoyable.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor Prof.
Moncef L. Nehdi for his consistent support all through my study period at the University of
Western Ontario. His invaluable guidance and inspiration helped me grow confidence and
develop both academically and personally. Being his supervisee, it had been a wonderful
experience for me.
I would like to thank my family for their constant support and encouragement throughout my
study period. In particular, I would like to thank my mother, father and my husband. Without
their encouragement and support, this achievement could not have been possible.
I would like to acknowledge the input of Mr. Wilbert Logan and Mr. Aiham Adawi for their
assistance in conducting the experimental work. Special thanks are due to the Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Western Ontario, including
Faculty, Staff, Fellow Graduate Students and Summer Work Study Students. Special thanks
are also due to all Technicians, Secretaries, and Personnel in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at The University of Western Ontario, who contributed directly
or indirectly to the accomplishments of this work.
I also gratefully acknowledge the donation of materials by Lafarge cement, the Association
of Canadian Industries Recycling Coal Ash, Advanced Cement Technologies, LLC, USA,
and BASF Construction Chemicals, and the funding provided by Imperial Oil, Canada

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION ………………………………………………. ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………... iii
COPYRIGHT AND CO-AUTHORSHIP ……………………………………….......... v
DEDICATION ………………………………………................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………... ix
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………… xv
LIST OF TABLES…... ……………………………………………………………….. xx
LIST OF NOTATIONS ……………………………………………………………...... xxii

1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………... 1
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the Study…..………………………............................... 3
1.3 Organization of Dissertation …………………..………........................................ 5
1.4 Original Contributions of Thesis………………………………………………… 8
1.5 References ...………………………………………………………….................. 9
2. STATE OF THE ART ON OIL WELL CEMENT 10
2.1 introduction ………………………………………………..………...................... 10
2.2 Basic Cementing Process………………………………....................................... 11
2.3 Oil Well Cements ……………………...……….................................................. 13
2.3.1 Classification Of Oil Well Cements ……………………...……….............. 13
2.3.2 Other Types Of Oil Well Cements ………………………..….……........ 16
2.4 Admixtures for Well Cementing …………………...………............................. 17
2.4.1 Types of Admixtures Used in OWC Slurries…………………………… 17
2.5 Density Of OWC Slurries …………………………. ……..……………………. 18
2.6 Setting Time and Thickening Time of OWC Slurries ………………..……... 20
2.7 Hydration of Oil Well Cement …………………………..…………………… 23
2.8 Mechanical Properties of Hydrated OWC Slurry ..……..……………………. 24
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