Table Of ContentINFORMATION TO USERS
The most advanced technology has been used to photo
graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm
master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy
submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter
face, while others may be from a computer printer.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a
complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will
be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to
be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re
produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper
left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal
sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available
as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23"
black and white photographic print for an additional charge.
Photographs included in the original manuscript have been
reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or
6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for
any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for
an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order.
■■ UMI
Accessing the World's Information since 1938
300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Order Number 8826142
Invasion and revolution: France and Florence in 1494
Fredlund, William Harrison, Ph.D.
Stanford University, 1988
Copyright ©1988 by Fredlund, William Harrison. All rights reserved.
U M I
300 N. Zeeb Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
INVASION AND REVOLUTION:
FRANCE AND FLORENCE IN 1494
A DISSERTATION
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY,
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES,
AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES
OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES
by
William Harrison Fredlund
June, 1988
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
(c) Copyright 1988
by
William Harrison Fredlund
ii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my
opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
InljutUH-
0 • /Sa CWtv
(
/ (Principal Advisor)
I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my
opinion it is fully adequate, In scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
I certify that I have read this thesis and that in my
opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as
a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
7
(Graduate Program in Humanities)
Approved for the University Committee
on Graduate Studies:
(Dean of Graduate Studies)
iii
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
PREFACE
In the fall of 1494, the king of France led a military expedition to
Italy for the purpose of claiming his rights to the kingdom of Naples.
The size and power of the army caught all Italy unprepared, and in the
ensuing turmoil a number of governments within the Italian peninsula
were permanently changed.
The Florentine Republic found itself in an especially exposed
situation in front of the advancing army because of its strategic position
astride the peninsula and because its leader, Piero de‘ Medici, had guided
Florence into declared opposition to the French king. The explosive
encounter between the army and the relatively defenseless republic led
to a revolution in which Piero de‘ Medici was removed from power on
November 9, 1494.
It is the intent of this study to examine the relationship between the
invasion and the revolution with special interest in the leadership of the
two men, King Charles VIII and Piero de' Medici. Previous accounts have
relied too heavily upon biased witnesses such as Philippe de Commynes,
and it is the object here to see both leaders in new perspectives and
thereby to establish a better understanding of the causality of the
invasion and revolution. In addition, the reaction to these events by
contemporaries as well as later Florentine historians will be examined.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Professors Judith
Brown, Lewis Spitz, and Lawrence Ryan whose encouragement, support,
and advice have helped bring this project to completion.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CONTENTS
PART ONE: November 17, 1494
3 Porta San Frediano
13 The Army
31 King Charles Enters Florence
41 The Piazza della Signoria
53 The Cathedral
57 The Palazzo Medici
71 Charles VIII
85 Charles, Anne, and Louis
90 Fornovo
PART TWO: Lombardy
124 Piacenza
131 Prophets and Omens
153 The Decision
170 The Cousins
191 On the Move
PART THREE: Tuscany
208 Sarzana
223 Florence
266 Piero de' Medici
283 Empoli
296 Santo Stefano di Magra
317 The Ambassadors
334 The Revolution
346 Bibliography
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
PART ONE: November 17,1494
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
