Integrated agriculture-aquaculture FAO

128 Pages·2009·6.08 MB·English

Integrated agriculture-aquaculture: A primer http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y1187E/Y1187E00.HTM
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Integrated agriculture- FAO
FISHERIES
aquaculture
TECHNICAL
PAPER
A primer
407
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply
the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction or the
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management concerning the legal status
of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of
its frontiers or boundaries.
ISBN 92-5-104599-2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such
permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be
addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
© FAO/IIRR/WorldFish Center 2001
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preparation of This Document
Abstract
Preface
Introduction
Considerations in Introducing Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Technology
Sociocultural considerations when introducing a new integrated
E. Worby
agriculture-aquaculture technology
Economic considerations in introducing integrated agriculture-
M.Ahmed and M.A.P. Bimbao
aquaculture technology
R.*oble and C.Lightfoot Working with new entrants to integrated agriculture-aquaculture
R. Pullin Integrated agriculture-aquaculture and the environment
Integrated Farming Systems
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H.Z. Yang, Y.X. Fang and Z.L. Chen Integrated grass-fish farming systems in China
K.H. Min and B.T. Hu Chinese embankment fish culture
L.T. Luu The VAC system in Northern Viet Nam
R.Sh.Hj. Ahmad Fodder-fish integration practice in Malaysia
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Integrated fish-horticulture farming in India
Culture of short-cycle species in seasonal ponds and ditches in
M.V. Gupta
Bangladesh
Animal-Fish Systems
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Integrated fish-duck farming
M.V. Gupta and F. *oble Integrated chicken-fish farming
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Integrated fish-pig farming in India
F.V. Fermin Backyard integrated pig-fish culture in the Philippines
Rice-Fish Systems
A. Ali Low-input rice-fish farming system in irrigated areas in Malaysia
C. dela Cruz Rice-fish systems in Indonesia
C. dela Cruz Sawah tambak rice-fish system in Indonesia
Y. Guo Rice-fish systems in China
L.T. Duong Rice-prawn culture in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam
L.T. Hung Rice-prawn and rice-shrimp culture in coastal areas of Viet Nam
C. dela Cruz, R.C. Sevilleja and J. Torres Rice-fish system in Guimba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
F.V. Fermin, M.A.P. Bimbao and J.P.T. The case of rice-fish farmer Mang Isko from Dasmariñas, Cavite,
Dalsgaard Philippines
Management for Rice-Fish Culture
J.Sollows Site selection: where to culture fish with rice?
J.Sollows Preparation of field for rice-fish culture
J.Sollows Stocking for rice-fish culture
J.Sollows Feeding and maintenance in rice-fish system
J.Sollows and C. dela Cruz Rice management in rice-fish culture
J.Sollows Rice-fish benefits and problems
A. Ali The rice-fish ecosystem
M. Halwart Fish as a component of integrated pest management in rice production
Fish Feeding and Management
R. Sevillejas, J. Torres, J. Sollows and D.
Using animal wastes in fishponds
Little
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Sewage-fed fish culture
S.D. Tripathi and B. Karma Biogas slurry in fish culture
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Plant sources of feed for fish
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Fish Breeding and *ursing
S.D. Tripathi and B.K. Sharma Carp breeding using off-season wheat fields
M.d.G.A. Khan Nursery system for carp species
D. Little, *. Innes-Taylor, D. Turongruang
Fry nursing in rice-fish systems
and J. Sollows
F. *oble Fingerling production in irrigated paddy
Bibliography
List of Participants
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Originated by: Fisheries and
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Title: Integrated agriculture-aquaculture: a primer...
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FAO/ICLARM/IIRR.
Integrated agriculture-aquaculture: a primer.
FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 407. Rome, FAO. 2001. 149p.
Abstract
This document is an edited and slightly revised version of a previously published integrated
agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) technology information kit. It contains 38 contributions in seven sections,
outlining the basic issues and characteristics of IAA systems and making generous use of pictorial
drawings and visual representations.
Sociocultural, economic and environmental considerations in introducing IAA technologies are
presented in the first four contributions. This section is followed by an overview of integrated farming
systems, with six examples provided, ranging from integrated grass-fish and embankment-fish systems
in the People's Republic of China, over the VAC system in northern Viet Nam to short-cycle methods
in seasonal ponds and ditches in Bangladesh. The next section has four papers dealing with
livestock-fish integration of chicken-, duck- and pig-based systems. Two sections with a total of 16
presentations tackle several aspects of rice-fish systems, starting with eight technical examples from
five countries, including irrigation systems, and in coastal areas with shrimp and in freshwater areas
with prawn. Eight more presentations give recommendations on site selection, ricefield preparation, fish
stocking, feeding, rice management and integrated pest management issues within rice-fish culture.
Another section with four papers deals with aspects of fish feeding and management in IAA, such as the
use of animal manures, domestic sewage and biogas slurry in ponds, as well as plant sources as fish
feed. The last section contains four contributions on fish breeding and nursing, focusing on fry and
fingerling production and emphasizing carp species. This includes a description of carp spawning in
wheat fields and fry nursing in ricefields as off-season activities, as well as fry-to-fingerling rearing in
ricefields.
This primer aims to give decisionmakers in governmental and non-governmental organizations and in
other organizations concerned with agriculture and rural development an overview and a basis for
understanding the principles of IAA, and to help them decide whether to embark on IAA activities and
include these in their program portfolio. For those who work directly with farmers, this primer aims at
providing good examples of IAA, but it is not intended to be a compilation of procedures that should be
strictly followed. Rather, this primer should help convince its readers/users that farmers can improve
their livelihoods by either introducing IAA, or by further developing and improving the many IAA
opportunities on their existing farms within their communities.
Distribution:
FAO Fisheries Department
FAO Fishery Regional and Sub-regional Officers
Authors
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Preface
Starting in the late 1980s, the International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) began to convene
workshops for the purpose of documenting exemplary practices in sustainable agriculture. The resulting
publication usually was a user-friendly and highly illustrated source book of ideas targeted to
development workers and trainers.
Resource persons are invited to such workshops (also known as «writeshops») to present their ideas
and experiences in the form of short papers, which are then subjected to critical review by fellow
participants. Communication specialists and design/desktop publishing staff assist in print presentation.
The revised materials are reviewed again until all changes are acceptable. Only then are these
generated materials considered suitable and relevant for immediate dissemination and use.
What is unique about this process is that these materials are generated and developed by bringing
scientists, development workers and communication specialists to a workshop specifically for such
purpose.
IIRR and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) valued the
idea of developing a publication on integrated agriculture-aquaculture to help improve the quality of
life of farmers on smallholdings in Asia. The two institutions, supported by the Netherlands
Organization for International Development and Cooperation (NOVIB) and the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-Canada Fund, organized and conducted a workshop at IIRR in
Cavite, Philippines, in February 1992. This resulted in the publication of the «Farmer-proven integrated
agriculture-aquaculture: a technology information kit» which was deliberately made copyright-free to
allow for reprinting and wider distribution, provided the source was cited.
The 2000 printed copies were distributed to extensionists, farmers, university students, scientists and
decisionmakers in governmental, nongovernmental and local organizations, and bilateral aid donors.
Feedback from users revealed that the kit was used in training courses and communications such as
posters and lectures. It was highly sought after, so that more sets had to be photocopied, and reprinting
became an issue.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which has a long history of
collaborating with IIRR and ICLARM, considered reprinting the kit an important activity to complement
current efforts of its Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service to build awareness among
1
policymakers that aquaculture has an important role to play in poor peoples' livelihoods and to
2
document successful cases of small-scale aquaculture in different environments . In the context of the
Organization's efforts to help member countries achieve food security and alleviate poverty, the kit was
considered to be very valuable and useful, and a powerful communication tool with potential for wider
application in many countries, particularly through FAO's Partnership Programmes and the Special
Programme for Food Security (SPFS). FAO therefore teamed up with IIRR and ICLARM in a joint
effort to edit and revise the original publication and publish it as a primer on IAA in the FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper series.
This primer aims to give decisionmakers in governmental and non-governmental organizations and in
other organizations concerned with agriculture and rural development an overview and a basis for
understanding the principles of IAA, and to help them decide whether to embark on IAA activities and
include these in their program portfolio. The target beneficiary group of this publication are the
small-scale farmers who already have a small aquaculture activity (e.g. a small pond or a rice-fish
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system) and could benefit from improved systems as shown in this publication, and the farmers without
any form of aquaculture on their farms but with access to appropriate sites and resources to establish
an aquaculture component as a means of diversification. For the latter, a simple and low-cost starting
point is the use of existing, otherwise unutilized on-farm, or easily accessible off-farm, resources such
as wastes as a means to fertilize their ponds. This integration can take on a multitude of forms, many of
which are described in the presentations in this book. The possible forms of farm integration are limited
mainly by the resources available to the farmers, and their creativity.
The IAA operations usually take up a minor area on the farm, compared to major activities such as
staple food crops, cash crops and orchards. Yet these operations can be very important and highly
productive components, when efficiency is regarded on a value-per-area basis. Environmental and
agroecosystem characteristics should be supportive of all components of the integrated system for this
to function optimally and most beneficially for the farmer.
The previous approach of introducing stand-alone fish culture enterprises was often not successful for
novices and has led to countless failures in small-scale aquaculture development. Instead, IAA has
proven to be a viable entry point into fish farming, which the farmer can later improve with increased
expertise and specialization. It is not the aim of this publication to convince traditional, small-scale
farmers to abandon their ongoing farming activities and abruptly become fish farmers as an exclusive
occupation. IAA relies on linkages and synergies among different on-farm and off-farm enterprises. It
aims to encourage farmers towards diversification and intensification, but without negative effects of
overuse of external inputs and monocultures.
The descriptions in the presentations on the calendars and schedules of activities refer to the specific
location and time (i.e. early 1990s) in which the case descriptions were written, often with a reference
to the countries where the method was developed or is being applied. Situations and agroecological
context will differ and vary in other locations with different seasons. The reader should be encouraged
to examine carefully the local context of the area in which the application of IAA is intended. The IAA
systems described are from a range of applications - experimental, researcher-managed on-farm trials,
with downscaled quantities and dimensions from commercial systems, descriptions of large-scale
systems with some applications in small-scale systems, all the way to farmer-developed and widely
implemented systems.
This publication is not a compilation of procedures that should be strictly followed. Rather, this primer
should help convince its readers/users that farmers can discover and develop opportunities for IAA
activities on their existing farms within their communities. Readers are encouraged to note that it is the
idea and principle of IAA, and not the individual examples and details of the descriptions, which should
be absorbed and later applied. Farmers should use the given proportions of component size, types and
amounts of material flows, fish and plant stocking densities only as guide on which to base their own
trials.
Original contributions were edited and revised. Importantly, boxes were provided at the end of most
presentations with a summary of reviewers' and editors' comments, which are intended to give updated
views on the topics and further background information for application.
The bibliography and the designations and affiliations of participants were as in the original
publication.
In terms of appearance, readers should bear in mind that the present publication has used modern DTP
tools but relied on eight year-old hand-drawn and written pictures (although a number of them were
redrawn for this reprint), legends and captions, originating from the 1992 version which was as a
loose-leaf collection of information sheets meant to be copied as handouts. Figures and tables were
updated to meet the general objectives of this reprint, albeit with the aim for cost effectiveness, and
adapted to the FAO editorial style for their Fisheries Technical Paper series.
Mentions of pesticide brands and types which may be outdated or not appropriate for a specific use are
made because they were in use at the particular time and place. Their mention does not in any way
represent an endorsement by FAO, IIRR or ICLARM.
It is intended that this primer will be downloadable from the FAO website (http:/www.fao.org/fi).
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Rome, December 2000
Matthias Halwart
Fishery Resources Officer (Aquaculture)
Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service
FAO
Julian Gonsalves
Vice President - Programs
IIRR
Mark Prein
Senior Scientist/Leader
Freshwater Resources Research Program
ICLARM
1
FAO. 2000. Small ponds make a big difference. FAO, Rome, Italy, 30 p.
2
IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM (in press). Utilizing Different Aquatic Resources for Livelihoods in Asia: A Resource Book. Proceedings
of a Workshop, 18-28 September 2000. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silang, Cavite, Philippines. 407 p.
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Introduction
Without exception, Asian policymakers and planners face a crisis of continuing rural poverty. Each
year, millions more children are added to the farming households without much hope of a better
livelihood. Each year, millions of hectares of farming's natural resource base become further degraded.
Modern farming methods with their high-external inputs and economies of scale may promise food but
at the cost of pollution, marginalization of the poor, and fewer and fewer jobs. Somehow, small-scale
farming systems must provide a reasonable rural livelihood, a clean conserved environment, and
adequate food, fuel and fibre products.
No doubt, new policies will be needed to protect and foster such development. No doubt, new
institutions for marketing, banking and education will be needed at community, local and national
levels. No doubt, a higher level of farming management and professionalism will be required. But all of
these require governments to be serious and imaginative about rural development.
One option for sustainable development in farming is small-scale integrated agriculture-aqua- culture.
The diversification that comes from integrating crops, vegetables, livestock, trees and fish imparts
stability in production, efficiency in resource use and conservation of the environment. Uncertainty in
markets and climate is countered by a wide array of enterprises. In integrated farming, wastes of one
enterprise become inputs to another and, thus, optimize the use of resources and lessen pollution.
Stability in many contrasting habitats permits diversity of genetic resources and survival of beneficial
insects and other wildlife. Integrated agriculture-aquaculture offers special advantages over and above
its role in waste recycling and its importance in encouraging better water management for agriculture
and forestry. Fish are efficient converters of low-grade feed and wastes into high-value protein. Fish are
the greatest sources of animal protein in rural Asia. For rural households, fish are small units of cash or
food which can be harvested more or less at will without loss of weight or condition. While these
systems are labour-intensive, they do save labour from fetching water, gathering wood and forage, and
fishing in nearby rivers and streams. All of these are elaborated in this technology information kit.
The many examples of integrated farming systems from around Asia that are presented in this
technology information kit are not given as models to copy or emulate exactly. Rarely can such
complex systems be built from scratch. Indeed, many of the technical and budget details will not apply
in every case. Rather, examples are given to show what is possible and to stimulate a process of
integration on the farm. What other farmers have proven is shared here to help people who work
directly with farmers to facilitate the addition of new resource flows, the integration of new enterprises,
the substitution of external inputs and the rehabilitation of degraded agroecosystems.
The kit suggests a procedure for evolving farming systems that share the characteristics described
herein. Moreover, we have seen that this procedure not only captures the many levels of integration
within a single group of households, but also stimulates households to increase levels of integration.
This technology information kit seeks to stimulate people who work directly with farmers to develop
small-scale farms that provide a reasonable rural livelihood, a clean conserved environment, and food,
fuel and fibre products.
Clive Lightfoot (ICLARM)
Julian Gonsalves (IIRR)
1992, Philippines
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Considerations in Introducing
Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Technology
Sociocultural considerations when introducing
a new integrated agriculture-aquaculture technology
by Eric Worby
It is important to know how farmers understand the world before trying to introduce new technological
options. Discover whether or not the new system can fit in well with the farmer's concerns, beliefs and
values. Remember farmers are «scientists», too. They have been developing, testing and adopting their
own technologies for centuries in ways that are tailored to their cultural setting. If you first make effort
to learn from them about the fit between cultural outlook and technology, then you will have a much
better idea of which new technologies they are likely to take an interest in.
Some general considerations
1. Even science is cultural. It is a belief system that
incorporates certain values and goals, and promotes
a particular view of the world.
Agricultural scientists and economists value
precision in measurement and replicability of
results, as well as maximizing efficiency and
profitability.
Farmers may be motivated by goals and
values that are different from those of
scientists and economists.
Farmers may value security of livelihood for
themselves and their children in the short and
long term. They place a higher priority on
preserving harmony in the community than on
maximizing individual gain; or they may seek
to acquire merit in the afterlife by contributing
fish to a temple rather than selling them for money.
2. Cultural rules often limit what particular members of a given society (e.g. women versus men) can
do. Cultural factors may determine who usually makes decisions, who is allowed to work in the fields,
who may go to town to market produce and who may travel to a research station to attend
demonstrations. These factors may set limits on the flexibility of households and communities to adopt
new technologies. For example:
Women may not be permitted to catch fish, but they may be the ones who sell them.
Considerations of gender, religious beliefs, caste or clan membership may limit the distribution of
benefits to be derived from farming innovations.
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