Table Of ContentINNOVATING SOUTH-SOUTH
COOPERATION
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INNOVATING SOUTH-SOUTH
COOPERATION
Policies, Challenges, and Prospects
EDITED BY
Hany Gamil Besada, M. Evren Tok,
and Leah McMillan Polonenko
University of Ottawa Press
2019
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The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone
university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North
America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse”
by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social
sciences, in French or in English.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Innovating south-south cooperation : policies, challenges, and prospects / edited
by Hany Gamil Besada, M. Evren Tok and Leah McMillan Polonenko.
Names: Besada, Hany, editor. | Tok, M. Evren, editor. | Polonenko, Leah McMillan,
1982- editor.
Series: Studies in international development and globalization.
Description: Series statement: Studies in international development and globalization
| Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2019011410X | Canadiana (ebook) 20190114118
| ISBN 9780776623191 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776623214 (PDF) | ISBN
9780776623207 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776623221 (Kindle)
Subjects: LCSH: Economic assistance—International cooperation—Case studies. |
LCGFT: Case studies.
Classification: LCC HC60 .I56 2019 | DDC 338.91—dc23
Legal Deposit: Second Quarter 2019
Library and Archives Canada
© University of Ottawa Press 2019
Printed and bound in Canada
Copy editing: Michael Waldin and Susan James
Proofreading: Colborne Communications, Toronto
Typesetting: Édiscript enr.
Cover design: Édiscript enr.
This publication was made possible in part by NPRP grant #10-1203-160007 from the
Qatar National Research Fund, entitled Localizing Entrepreneurship Education in
Qatar.
The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its
publishing list by the Government of Canada, the Canada Council for the Arts, the
Ontario Arts Council, and the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences
through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program and by the University of Ottawa.
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Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................... vii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................... xi
Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................. xiii
Foreword ................................................................................................. xix
INTRODUCTION
Conceptual Foundations of South-South Cooperation
Leah McMillan Polonenko, Hany Besada, M. Evren Tok,
and Ajarat Bada............................................................................... 1
PART 1: SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION: POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
CHAPTER 1
Fulfilling the Promise of South-South Cooperation
Manmohan Agarwal ....................................................................... 31
CHAPTER 2
South-South Cooperation Blocs and Influence in Development
Assistance
Natasha Fernando ........................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 3
Triangular Cooperation: Another Option for South-South
Cooperation?
Christina S. Lengfelder ................................................................... 89
CHAPTER 4
Fragile-to-Fragile Cooperation: An Example of a New Trend
in South-South Cooperation?
Karolina Werner .............................................................................. 119
PART 2: CASE STUDIES FROM CHINA, AFRICA, BRAZIL, INDONESIA,
AND TURKEY
CHAPTER 5
South-South Cooperation with Chinese Characteristics
Ward Warmerdam and Arjan de Haan ........................................... 141
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CHAPTER 6
China and Africa: Somewhere Between Economic Integration
and Cooperative Exploitation
Ariane Goetz ................................................................................... 173
CHAPTER 7
What Does the Evidence Say about Contemporary
China-Africa Relations?
Barassou Diawara and Kobena T. Hanson ...................................... 217
CHAPTER 8
South-South Cooperation’s Contribution to Local
Development and Urban Planning in Africa
Cristina D’Alessandro .................................................................... 243
CHAPTER 9
Natural Resource Governance in Africa: Insights from
Governance Initiatives on Conflict-Prone Minerals
and Sustainable Forestry
Dr. J. Andrew Grant ....................................................................... 269
CHAPTER 10
Emergence of Mega-Regional Trade Agreements
and the Imperative for African Economies to Strategically
Enhance Trade-Related South-South Cooperation
Simon Mevel ................................................................................... 289
CHAPTER 11
Learning from Peers: How Brazil and Indonesia Are
Structuring Institutional and Operational Models
for South-South Knowledge Exchange
Karin Costa Vazquez ....................................................................... 329
CHAPTER 12
An Emerging Donor in Retrospect: Understanding Turkey’s
Development Assistance Activism
Aylin Yardımcı ................................................................................ 349
Contributors ............................................................................................ 373
Index ........................................................................................................ 381
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List of Figures and Tables
Table 1.1 Growth of GDP (average annual percent) .................. 36
Table 1.2 Investment Rate in Developing Countries
(percentage of GDP) ...................................................... 37
Table 1.3 Exports of Goods and Services (percentage of GDP) 38
Table 1.4 Inward Flows of FDI (percentage of GDP; average
for the period) ................................................................. 39
Table 1.5 Outward Flows of FDI (percentage of GDP;
average for the period) .................................................. 40
Table 1.6 Exports of Goods and Services (percentage
of world exports) ............................................................ 42
Table 1.7 FDI and Portfolio Flows to Developing Countries
(percentage of GDP) ...................................................... 44
Table 5.1 Chinese and UN Definitions of SSC: A Comparison 147
Figure 7.1 Imports and Exports between China and Africa,
1995-2012 (US$ billions) ............................................... 222
Figure 7.2 China’s Main Export Products to Africa .................... 223
Figure 7.3 China’s Main Import Products from Africa,
1995–2012......................................................................... 224
Figure 7.4 Chinese Imports of African Crude Oil and Other
Products, 1995–2012 ...................................................... 228
Figure 10.1 Share of key partners in Africa’s total exports,
2015–17............................................................................. 292
Figure 10.2 Share of main products in Africa’s total exports
by key markets of destination, 2015–17 ...................... 293
Figure 10.3 Share of key partners in Africa’s total imports,
2015–2017......................................................................... 294
Figure 10.4 Share of main products in Africa’s total imports
by key markets of origin, 2015–17 ............................... 295
Figure 10.5 Changes in exports by main regions of destination
following implementation of MRTAs,
in US$ billions, 2022 ....................................................... 299
Figure 10.6 Changes in Africa’s exports by main regions of
destination and main sectors following
implementation of MRTAs, in US$ billions, 2022 ...... 300
vii
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Figure 10.7 Changes in Africa’s exports by main regions
of destination and main sectors following
implementation of MRTAs with versus without
AfCFTA in place, in US$ billions, 2022 ....................... 302
Figure 10.8 Changes in Africa countries’ exports to Africa
following implementation of both MRTAs
and AfCFTA in parallel, in US$ billions, 2022 ............ 302
Figure 10.9 Changes in African countries’ exports to Africa
following implementation of both MRTAs
and AfCFTA in parallel, as a percentage, 2022 .......... 303
Figure 10.10 Changes in Africa’s exports to Africa by sectors
following implementation of both MRTAs
and AfCFTA in parallel, in US$ billions, 2022 ............ 304
Figure 10.11 Changes in Africa’s exports by main regions of
destination and main sectors following the merge
of AfCFTA and TPP in the context of AfCFTA
and MRTAs, in US$ billions, 2022................................ 306
Figure 10.12 Changes in Africa’s exports by main regions of
destination and main sectors following the merge
of AfCFTA and RCEP in the context of AfCFTA
and MRTAs, in US$ billions, 2022................................ 307
Figure 10.13 Changes in African countries’ industrial exports
to China following merge of AfCFTA and RCEP
in the context of AfCFTA and MRTAs, as a percent,
2022................................................................................... 308
Figure 10.14 Changes in Africa’s exports to non-African third
countries by sectors following merge of AfCFTA
and RCEP in the context of AfCFTA and MRTAs,
in US$ billions, 2022 ....................................................... 309
Figure 10.15 Changes in Africa’s exports by main regions
of destination and main sectors following the
merging of AfCFTA & RCEP versus enlarged
Asia-Africa bloc in place in the context of AfCFTA
and MRTAs, in US$ billions, 2022................................ 310
Figure 10.16 Changes in Africa’s exports to non-RCEP Asian
countries/regions and main sectors following
implementation of an enlarged Asia-Africa bloc
in the context of AfCFTA and MRTAs,
in US$ billions, 2022 ....................................................... 312
viii
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Figure 10.17 Composition of Africa’s industrial export gains
to Asia (excluding RCEP members) by industrial
sectors following implementation of an enlarged
Asia-Africa bloc in the context of AfCFTA
and MRTAs, as a percent, 2022 .................................... 312
Figure 10.18 Changes in African countries’ exports to Asia
following implementation of an enlarged
Asia-Africa bloc in the context of AfCFTA
and MRTAs, as a percent, 2022 .................................... 313
Figure 10.19 Changes in African countries’ exports by main
destinations following the implementation
of AfCFTA alone, versus an enlarged Asia-Africa
bloc, versus an enlarged Asia-Africa bloc with
trade facilitation reforms in the context
of AfCFTA and MRTAs, in US$ billions, 2022 ............ 315
Table 10.1 Changes in countries/regions’ total exports
following implementation of various trade
reforms, in US$ billions, 2022 ....................................... 317
Figure 11.1 The Indonesian Knowledge Hub ................................. 338
Figure 11.2 The Nacala Corridor ..................................................... 341
Figure 11.3 The Brazilian Knowledge Hub ..................................... 344
Figure 12.1 Turkish ODA, 2002–2011 ............................................... 358
Figure 12.2 Top recipients of Turkish ODA by region in 2011 ..... 359
Figure 12.3 Top recipients of Turkish ODA by country in 2011 ... 359
Figure 12.4 Aid by Turkish NGOs, 2008–2011 ................................ 361
Figure 12.5 Turkey’s total outward FDI, 2006–2011 ....................... 366
Figure 12.6 Turkey’s outward FDI by region, 2008–2011 .............. 366
ix
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