Industrial Revolution. Almanac

237 Pages·2003·19.67 MB·English

by  James L. Outman

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Industrial
Revolution
Almanac
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Industrial
Revolution
Almanac
James L. Outman
Elisabeth M.
Outman
Matthew May, Editor
Industrial Revolution: Almanac
James L. Outman and Elisabeth M. Outman
Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Composition
Matthew May Robert Duncan, Lezlie Light Evi Seoud
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Outman, James L., 1946–
Industrial Revolution. Almanac / James L. Outman and Elisabeth M. Outman.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-6513-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Industrial revolution—Juvenile literature. [1. Industrial revolution.] I. Out-
man, Elisabeth M., 1951– II. Title.
HD2329 .O978 2003
330.9’034–dc21
2002155422
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Industrial Revolution Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Words to Know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution. . . . . . 9
Chapter 2: The Revolution Begins: Steam Engines,
Railroads, and Steamboats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter 3: New Machines and the Factory System. . . . 63
Chapter 4: Social and Political Impact of the First
Phase of the Industrial Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Chapter 5: The Second Phase of the Industrial
Revolution: 1850–1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter 6: How Things Got Bigger: Economy of Scale . 143
Chapter 7: Social and Political Impact of the Second
Phase of the Industrial Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter 8: The Economy Goes Global: What Next?. . . 209
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
v
Reader’s Guide
The Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the
middle of the eighteenth century and spread across the
globe by the beginning of World War II, shaped a new world.
The introduction of new technology into manufacturing
processes at the heart of the revolution turned simple agricul-
tural societies into complex industrial ones. Consequently,
the way we worked, where we lived, and how we communi-
cated with one another were altered. Governments, even the
physical environment of the planet, were forever changed.
The Industrial Revolution was in every sense a revolution.
Industrial Revolution: Almanac, in eight chapters, pro-
vides an overview of this era, from its roots in the philoso-
phies of the Renaissance to the first technological advances,
from the first migrations of workers to urban areas to the rise
of giant corporations. Each chapter of the Almanac features
informative sidebar boxes highlighting glossary terms and is-
sues discussed in the text and concludes with a list of further
readings. Also included are nearly sixty illustrations, a time-
line, a glossary, and an index providing easy access to sub-
jects discussed throughout Industrial Revolution: Almanac.
vii
Related reference sources
Industrial Revolution: Biographies profiles twenty-five
significant figures of the Industrial Revolution. The essays
cover such people as economic philosophers Karl Marx and
Adam Smith; innovators like Henry Bessemer, Henry Ford,
Robert Fulton, and Eli Whitney; financial wizards Andrew
Carnegie and J. P. Morgan; and crusading journalists such as
Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell. The volume includes more
than fifty photographs, sources for further reading, a time-
line, and an index.
Industrial Revolution: Primary Sources presents twenty-
seven full or excerpted written works, speeches, and testimony
from the period. The volume includes excerpts from An Inquiry
into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Adam
Smith, The Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx, Twenty Years at
Hull-House by Jane Addams, and the United States Supreme
Court decision in Northern Securities Co. v. United States enforc-
ing federal regulation of corporations. Each entry includes an
introduction, things to remember while reading the excerpt, a
glossary of difficult terms from the document, information on
what happened after the work was published, and other inter-
esting facts. Forty photographs, sources for further reading, a
timeline, and an index supplement the volume.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their thanks to U•X•L senior edi-
tor Diane Sawinski, U•X•L editor Matthew May, and U•X•L
publisher Tom Romig for their assistance throughout the pro-
duction of this series. Thanks, too, to Judy Galens for lending
her editorial talents in the form of proofreading. The editor
wishes to thank Marco Di Vita of the Graphix Group for al-
ways working with flexibility, speed, and, above all, quality.
Comments and suggestions
We welcome your comments on Industrial Revolution:
Almanacand suggestions for other topics in history to consid-
er. Please write: Editors, Industrial Revolution: Almanac, U•X•L,
27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 48331-3535;
call toll-free: 800-877-4253; fax to 248-699-8097; or send e-mail
via www.gale.com.
viii Industrial Revolution: Almanac
Industrial Revolution Timeline
1650–51 The British Parliament passes the Navigation Acts,
designed to give preference to English merchant
ships over the Dutch.
1631 David Ramsay receives a patent from the British gov-
ernment for a pump that is driven by heated water
that is converted into steam.
1674 Jethro Tull is born. Tull is credited with developing
the first seed drill.
1690 English philosopher John Locke writes that govern-
ments derive their power from the people.
1712 Thomas Newcomen builds his first steam engine in
England.
1764 James Hargreaves invents a new version of the tradi-
tional spinning machine.
1765 The first iron rails are introduced in England by
Richard Reynolds.
1776 Adam Smith’s An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nationsis published.
ix
1781 James Watt invents a rotary motion device for his
steam engine.
1793 Eli Whitney develops and introduces the cotton gin.
June 14, 1798 Eli Whitney signs a contract with the U.S. gov-
ernment to produce 10,000 muskets in 28 months.
1779 Samuel Crompton introduces the spinning machine,
combining the efforts of earlier machines in the pro-
duction of cotton products.
1802 Richard Trevithick develops the steam locomotive.
August 17, 1807 Robert Fulton launches his steamship Cler-
mont. Two years later he obtains a patent from the
U.S. government for his steamship.
1823 Richard Guest’s Compendious History of the Cotton
Manufactureis published.
1824 Englishman Robert Owen purchases the town of New
Harmony, Indiana, and attempts to implement his
cooperative business ideas in an entire community.
September 27, 1825 George Stephenson operates his loco-
motive Locomotion along a 20-mile rail in England,
the first time a steam locomotive hauls cars on a pub-
lic railway.
1832 The British Parliament passes the Reform Bill of 1832,
radically changing the system of representation in
Parliament.
1833 Member of Parliament Michael Sadler issues a report
to Parliament detailing working conditions of chil-
dren in British factories.
1833 The British Parliament passes the Factory Act of
1833, setting standards for the employment of chil-
dren in textile factories.
1834 Cyrus McCormick takes out a patent on the first me-
chanical reaper.
May 1, 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse sends the first telegraph mes-
sage from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland.
Five years later he is granted a patent for his invention.
1848 The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and
his friend Frederich Engels, is published.
x Industrial Revolution: Almanac
1856 Henry Bessemer establishes the Bessemer process, in
which steel could be made in more quantities for less
money.
1869 George Westinghouse takes out a patent on his in-
vention of the air brake and forms Westinghouse Air
Brake Company.
1869 Uriah Stephens and fellow garment workers in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, found the Noble Order
of the Knights of Labor.
May 10, 1869 A golden spike is driven into the railroad
tracks at Promontory, Utah, completing the first rail
line to cross the United States.
1870 John D. Rockefeller and associates organize Standard
Oil Company.
1879 Thomas Alva Edison lights street lights along a half-
mile stretch in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
1881 Samuel Gompers helps establish the Federation of
Organized Trades and Labor Unions of the United
States and Canada.
1886 A bomb explodes during a labor union rally at Hay-
market Square in Chicago, Illinois, killing seven.
1889 German engineer Gottlieb Daimler develops an en-
gine that resembles the motors in modern-day auto-
mobiles.
1890 The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.
1890 Mary Harris Jones, better known as Mother Jones, is
hired as a paid organizer by the United Mine Workers.
1890 How the Other Half Livesby Jacob Riis is published.
1892 Steel workers at Andrew Carnegie’s Homestead Mill
plant go on strike; violence breaks out and eighteen
strikers and guards are killed.
1894 Workers of the Pullman railroad car company strike
to demand fair wages. Other railroad workers go on
strike in support, shutting down U.S. railroads. U.S.
president Grover Cleveland sends in 12,000 troops to
restore railroad traffic, and most of the strikers return
to their jobs at their original wages.
Industrial Revolution Timeline xi