Illustrated Guide To The Human Body (8 Volume Set)

898 Pages·2005·62.08 MB·English

by  Lionel Bender

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THE FACTS ON FILE
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO
THE HUMAN BODY
SKELETAL AND
MUSCULAR SYSTEMS
THE DIAGRAM GROUP
The Facts On File Illustrated Guide to the Human Body:
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Copyright © 2005 The Diagram Group
Editorial: Lionel Bender, David Harding, Denis Kennedy,
GordonLee, Steve Parker, Jamie Stokes
Scientific consultant: Stephen Rudd
Design: Anthony Atherton, Richard Hummerstone,
Lee Lawrence, Kim Richardson, Ben White
Illustration: Pavel Kostal, Kathleen McDougall
Picture research: Neil McKenna
Indexer: Jane Parker
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
eISBN 978-1-4381-2546-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Note to the reader
This book is not intended
The Facts on File illustrated guide to the human body. Skeletal and
to serve as a medical
muscular systems / The Diagram Group.
p. cm. textbook for either
Includes index. physicians or patients.
1. Musculoskeletal system—Juvenile literature. I. Title: Skeletal and The information and
muscular systems. II. Diagram Group.
advice it contains should
QM100.F33 2005
not be used or relied upon
611'.7—dc22
2004022096 without consulting the
advice of a qualified
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when physician. The publishers
purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations,
disclaim any responsibility
institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales
for the accuracy of the
Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755.
information or advice
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at that this book contains
http://www.factsonfile.com and any responsibility for
any consequences that
Printed in the United States of America
may result from any use or
EB Diagram 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 reliance thereon by
the reader.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
Introduction:About this book 4
SECTION1 SECTION4
BODYSYSTEMS ARMS & SHOULDERS
Introduction 6 Introduction 64
Parts of the skeletal system 8 Shoulder muscles 66
Skeletal key words and diagrams 10 Arm muscles 68
Bone types and development 12 Wrist and hand muscles 70
Bone and cartilage structure 14 Exercises and disorders 72
Muscle system 16
Muscle features and key words 18 SECTION5
Muscle layers—superficial 20 LEGS & FEET
Deep muscles and motor units 22 Introduction 74
Muscle contractions and names 24 Leg muscles 76
Muscle attachments and fibers 26 Foot bones and muscles 78
Skeleton and muscle care 28 Leg and feet exercises 80
Fitness and exercise 30 Leg disorders 82
Skeletal disorders 32 Foot disorders 84
Muscular disorders 34
SECTION6
SECTION2 JOINTS
HEAD&SPINE Introduction 86
Introduction 36 Joint types 88
Vertebrae 38 Joint movements 1 90
Pelvic girdle 40 Joint movements 2 92
Mouth, jaws, and teeth 42 Joint mobility exercises 94
Head muscles 44 Posture problems and exercises 96
Spinal muscles 46 Joint disorders 1 98
Pelvic and lower back muscles 48 Joint disorders 2 100
Relaxing the neck and back 50
Strengthening the neck and back 52
Glossary of the human body 102
SECTION3 Web sites to visit 108
CHEST &ABDOMEN Index 109
Introduction 54
Chest muscles 56
Abdominal muscles 58
Isometric exercises 60
Strengthening exercises 62
Introduction
4
This book is a concise, illustrated guide to the There are six sections in the book. The first
anatomy, physiology, well-being, and section looks in detail at the components of
disorders of the human skeletal and muscular the skeletal and muscular systems. The other
systems. It has been written and illustrated sections survey each major region of the
specially for students and laypeople interested body, from the head to the toes and joints.
in medicine, health, fitness, and first aid. The Within each section, discussion and
subject is dealt with in clear steps, so that the illustration of the structure and function of
reader can steadily acquire a good overall anatomical parts are followed by the general
understanding. Explanatory texts, diagrams, principles of healthcare, fitness, and exercise,
illustrations, captions, and fact boxes are and a survey of the main disorders and
combined to help readers grasp important diseases affecting the region. Information is
information at a glance. A glossary of presented as double-page topics arranged in
scientific and jargon words defines medical subsections.
terms in everyday language. A list of Web sites Section 1: BODYSYSTEMS deals with the
provides links to other relevant sources of individual bones and muscles that make up
information, and the index enables quick the skeleton and musculature. It looks at the
access to articles. microscopic structures of bone, muscle cells,
Human body systems
This book is one of eight
titles in THE FACTS ON
FILE ILLUSTRATED
GUIDE TO THE HUMAN
BODY series, which looks
at each of the major body
systems in turn. Some
of the titles in the series
include more than one
system. The skeletal and
muscular systems, and
the blood and lymphatic
systems, for example,
work in conjunction and
so are treated together.
There is a separate title
for human cells and
genetics, which are the
building blocks and
underlying chemistry of Skeletal and Brain and Heart and
all body systems. Muscular Systems Nervous System Circulatory System
ABOUT THIS BOOK
5
and tissues, and how these relate to the skeletal joints, where muscles and bones work
functioning of systems. together to provide body movement.
Section 2: HEAD &SPINE surveys the
skeleton and musculature of the upper part of
the body. This includes discussion of the This book has been written by anatomy,
teeth. physiology, and health experts for non-
Section 3: CHEST&ABDOMEN looks at the specialists. It can be used:
bones and muscles associated with the rib • as a general guide to the way the human
cage and how exercise of this region can help body functions
with general fitness. • as a reference resource of images and text for
Section 4: ARMS & SHOULDERS features use in schools, libraries, or in the home
the upper limbs and limb girdles. • as a basis for examination preparation for
Section 5: LEGS &FEET looks at the bones students of human biology, medicine,
and muscles of the lower limbs and limb nursing, physiotherapy, and general
girdle. The exercises and disorders dealt with healthcare.
here are particularly relevant to athletes.
Section 6: JOINTS examines the workings of
Digestive The Senses Respiratory Reproductive Cells and M
A
System System System Genetics GR
A
DI
©
Introduction
6
The skeletal system consists of all the bones in the
body, and provides an internal protective and Skeleton and muscle facts
supportive framework. Most bones are linked at • The bones of the skeleton
make up about 12–14 percent
moveable joints to make the system flexible. Bones act
of the body’s overall weight.
as anchor points for muscles and are pulled by them to
• Muscles make up about 45
produce body movements. However, not all of the
percent of body weight in a
muscular system is associated with the skeleton.
typical male, and 40 percent
Muscle tissue is also found in the intestines, heart,
in a typical female.
and other internal organs.
Muscular system functions
Examples of major
To produce movement
skeletal muscles
Movements and actions of the
Temporalis
body are caused by contraction ●
(shortening) of skeletal muscles.
To maintain posture
Certain muscles work constantly to
Deltoid
maintain stationary body positions ●
and balance, as when sitting or
standing. They tense against the
Transversus Biceps brachii
force of gravity and the pull of ●
abdominis
other muscles.
Flexor carpi
To stabilize joints
radialis
Skeletal muscles tense to strengthen ●
●
and stabilize very flexible joints,
such as the shoulder, when these
joints come under strain due to
body actions.
●
To help internal processes
Several inner organs contain muscle Rectus femoris
tissue which contracts to squash,
squeeze, or move the substances
they contain. These substances
Gastrocnemius
include food in the digestive tract, ●
urine in the urinary tract, blood in Tibialis anterior
●
the heart, and eggs or sperm in the
reproductive system.
To generate heat
Nearly 85 percent of heat produced
in the body is the result of muscle
contraction.
SECTION 1: BODY SYSTEMS
7
Skeletal system functions
Examples of major
To support soft parts
bones in the Skull Bones provide support for the soft
skeletal system ●
organs of the body against gravity.
Large bones of the lower limbs hold
up the body when standing.
To take part in movement
Bones provide points of attachment
for muscles that move the body.
Bones and muscles work together as
Humerus different types of mechanical levers
●
to produce motion. Different types
of joints determine the type and
Ribs range of movement.
●
To protect delicate organs
The skeleton protects some internal
Vertebrae organs. For example, the skull
●
protects the brain; ribs shield the
heart and lungs; the spine (vertebral
column) protects the spinal cord.
To store minerals
Pelvis
● Bones serve as storage reservoirs for
certain minerals. Among the most
important are calcium and
phosphate. In times of dietary
Femur shortage, as an emergency measure,
●
these stored minerals are released
from bones into the bloodstream, to
be distributed to where they are
needed. Other minerals contained
in bones include magnesium and
potassium. Deposit and withdrawal
Fibula of minerals to, and from, bones is
●
mainly under the control of
hormones.
To make new blood cells
Tibia
● Most blood cell formation
(hematopoiesis) takes place in the
Metatarsals red marrow of bones, in the skull,
ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, M
A
R
and pelvis. Fat is stored in the G
A
DI
yellow bone marrow. ©
Parts of the skeletal system
8
Structure
There are 206 bones in The axial skeleton has 80 The appendicular
the skeleton. These are bones and consists of the skeleton has 126 bones
grouped as the axial and skull, vertebrae (including and consists of the limbs
appendicular skeletons. sacrum), ribs, and sternum. and their attachments.
Skull ribs (pairs 8–10) join the seventh pair. Floating
The 22 bones of the skull comprise eight in ribs (pairs 11–12) end short.
the cranium (a rigid shell guarding the brain), Limb girdles
and 14 facial bones, including the mandible These anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.
(the single lower jaw bone). In each shoulder girdle there is a scapula hung
Vertebrae at the back of the chest, and a clavicle bracing
The backbone’s 33 vertebrae form a weight- it to the sternum. The hip girdles consist of
bearing column that has a slight S-curve two hip bones (each made up of three fused
viewed from the side. There are seven cervical bones) flanking the sacrum and with it
(neck) vertebrae, 12 thoracic (chest), and five forming the pelvis.
lumbar (lower back) vertebrae. Below these lie Limbs
the sacrum (five fused load-bearing vertebrae) Each arm has a humerus (upper arm), radius
and coccyx (four fused “tail” vertebrae). and ulna (forearm), and 27 bones of the hand:
Rib cage carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), and
The rib cage or chest has 12 pairs of flat bones, phalanges (fingers). In the leg is a femur
the ribs, curving forward from the thoracic (thigh), tibia (shin) and fibula, and 26 foot
vertebrae. True ribs (upper seven pairs) join bones: tarsals (ankle), metatarsals (sole), and
the sternum at the front of the chest. False phalanges (toes).