Table Of ContentNewSecurityChallengesSeries
General Editor: Stuart Croft, Professor of International Security in the Depart-
mentofPoliticsandInternationalStudiesattheUniversityofWarwick,UK,and
DirectoroftheESRC’sNewSecurityChallengesProgramme.
Thelastdecadedemonstratedthatthreatstosecurityvarygreatlyintheircauses
and manifestations, and that they invite interest and demand responses from
thesocialsciences,civilsocietyandaverybroadpolicycommunity.Inthepast,
the avoidance of war was the primary objective, but with the end of the Cold
Wartheretentionofmilitarydefenceasthecentrepieceofinternationalsecurity
agendabecameuntenable.Therehasbeen,therefore,asignificantshiftinempha-
sisawayfromtraditionalapproachestosecuritytoanewagendathattalksofthe
softersideofsecurity,intermsofhumansecurity,economicsecurityandenvi-
ronmentalsecurity.ThetopicalNewSecurityChallengesseriesreflectsthispressing
politicalandresearchagenda.
Titlesinclude:
JonCoaffee,DavidMurakamiWoodandPeterRogers
THEEVERYDAYRESILIENCEOFTHECITY
HowCitiesRespondtoTerrorismandDisaster
TomDyson
NEOCLASSICALREALISMANDDEFENCEREFORMINPOST-COLD
WAREUROPE
ChristopherFarrington(editor)
GLOBALCHANGE,CIVILSOCIETYANDTHENORTHERNIRELAND
PEACEPROCESS
ImplementingthePoliticalSettlement
KevinGillan,JennyPickerillandFrankWebster
ANTI-WARACTIVISM
NewMediaandProtestintheInformationAge
AndrewHill
RE-IMAGININGTHEWARONTERROR
Seeing,Waiting,Travelling
AndrewHoskinsandBenO’Loughlin
TELEVISIONANDTERROR
ConflictingTimesandtheCrisisofNewsDiscourse
PaulJacksonandPeterAlbrecht
RECONSTRUCTIONSECURITYAFTERCONFLICT
SecuritySectorReforminSierraLeone
BryanMabee
THEGLOBALIZATIONOFSECURITY
StatePower,SecurityProvisionandLegitimacy
JanneHaalandMatlary
EUROPEANUNIONSECURITYDYNAMICS
IntheNewNationalInterest
MichaelPugh,NeilCooperandMandyTurner(editors)
CRITICALPERSPECTIVESONTHEPOLITICALECONOMYOF
PEACEBUILDING
BrianRappertandChandréGould(editors)
BIOSECURITY
Origins,TransformationsandPractices
BrianRappert
BIOTECHNOLOGY,SECURITYANDTHESEARCHFORLIMITS
AnInquiryintoResearchandMethods
BrianRappert(editor)
TECHNOLOGYANDSECURITY
GoverningThreatsintheNewMillenium
AliTekinandPaulAndrewWilliams
GEO-POLITICSOFTHEEURO-ASIAENERGYNEXUS
TheEuropeanUnion,RussiaandTurkey
LisaWatanabe
SECURINGEUROPE
NewSecurityChallengesSeries
SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–00216–6(hardback)and
ISBN978–0–230–00217–3(paperback)
(outsideNorthAmericaonly)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a
standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to
usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand
theISBNquotedabove.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England
Geo-Politics of the
Euro-Asia Energy Nexus
The European Union, Russia and Turkey
Ali Tekin
AssistantProfessorofInternationalRelations,
DepartmentofInternationalRelations,
BilkentUniversity,Turkey
Paul Andrew Williams
AssistantProfessorofInternationalRelations,
DepartmentofInternationalRelations,
BilkentUniversity,Turkey
©AliTekinandPaulAndrewWilliams2011
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-25261-5
Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis
publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.
Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted
savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence
permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency,
SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.
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maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages.
Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentified
astheauthorsofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright,
DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Firstpublished2011by
PALGRAVEMACMILLAN
PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited,
registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke,
HampshireRG216XS.
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175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010.
PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies
andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld.
Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates,
theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries.
ISBN 978-1-349-32222-0 ISBN 978-0-230-29494-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230294943
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managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Contents
ListofMaps,TablesandFigures viii
Acknowledgements ix
ListofAbbreviationsandAcronyms x
1 Introduction 1
Europe’ssecurity,RussianenergyandTurkey’s
EUaccessionbid 1
Ourpurpose 4
Planofthebook 8
Part I EUEnergyPolicy
2 EvolutionofEUEnergyPolicy 13
WithSedaDuyguSever
Introduction:theenergisationofEuropeanEnergy
Policy 13
EuropeanEnergyPolicy:acrystallisingconcept 15
Policyevolution 17
HistoricalrootsofEUenergypolicy 19
Stumblingblockstocommonenergypolicy 26
Conclusion 35
3 ExternalDimensionofEuropeanEnergy
Policy 37
WithSedaDuyguSever
Introduction:growingEUapprehensionof
energyvulnerability 37
TheEUasenergyconsumerparexcellence 38
Europe’sexternalenergypolicies:gropingtowards
coherency 40
TheEU’sdiverserelationswithmajorenergy
producers 48
Theoreticalreflectionson(external)energypolicy 57
Conclusion 62
v
vi Contents
Part II TheEuropeanUnion,RussiaandOther
Actors
4 EUDependenceonRussianEnergy 67
Introduction:primusinterpares–RussiainEU
energysecurity 67
ARusso-centricprofileofEUenergysecurity 69
‘Thoushaltnotpass’?Theproblematicmovement
ofRussianhydrocarbonstoEurope 82
‘Externalising’EUenergypolicy‘upstream’ 86
Cuttingoutthe‘middleman’:directpipelinestoRussia 92
Conclusion 94
5 TheEUOutreachtoNon-RussianEnergy 96
Introduction:norefrainfromthe‘greatgame’ 96
EUenergyrelationsbranchoutbeyondRussia 98
Gas‘w-a-r-s’ 105
Conclusion:willtheEUendupenergydiversified
orupendedbyRussia? 118
6 RoadstoEuropeforCaspianandMiddleEasternEnergy
Supplies 120
Introduction:opportunitiesandblindspotsintheEU’s
questfornewforeignenergysupplies 120
TheEU’Saccesstoworldhydrocarbonreserves 122
TheEUandCaspianenergy 124
ChineseresourcedemandandEUenergysecurity 133
Conclusion:Asianbumpsorcratersinthewayof
EUenergysecurity? 141
Part III TurkeyasaTransitandCandidateCountry
7 Turkey’sRoleasa‘Trans-European’EnergyCorridor 145
Introduction 145
Turkey’senergyprofileinbrief 146
Turkey’sexistingandplannedpipelinesystems 149
NabuccoandRussia:apyrrhicvictoryfortheEU? 163
Conclusion 164
8 Turkey’sEnergyRoleandItsAccessionProcess 166
Introduction 166
Turkey–EUrelationsandcooperationinenergyissues 167
EuropeanviewsofTurkey’senergyrole 170
Contents vii
TheTurkishviewofenergycooperationwiththeEU 178
TheEU–Turkeyenergynexus:steptofullmembership
orbilateralcooperation? 184
Conclusion:energysecurityandbelonging 186
9 Conclusions 188
Introduction:EUenergysecurity–morethanacivilaffair 188
TheEU:energyneedyandchallenged 189
GivingexternalfaceandvoicetoEuropeanEnergyPolicy 191
ContentmentanddisquietintheEU-Russianenergyhouse 193
HowcantheEUgetanythingpastRussia? 194
Turkey’sEUmembershipthroughsecureenergy
corridorship 196
Notes 199
References 202
Index 222
List of Maps, Tables and Figures
Maps
4.1 Europe-orientatedEurasianenergypipelines 82
7.1 EnergypipelinesthroughTurkeyanditsneighbourhood 154
Tables
3.1 CrudeoilimportsintotheEU 40
3.2 NaturalgasimportsintotheEU 41
3.3 TheoriesonEU(external)energypolicy 58
4.1 Grossinlandenergyconsumption–EUandTurkey 71
4.2 Energymix–EUandTurkey(%ofgrossinlandenergy
consumption) 72
4.3 Crudeoil-importdependencyratios–EUandTurkey 75
4.4 EUandTurkishimportsofnon-EUgas(terajoules–gross
calorificvalue) 78
4.5 Gas-importdependencyratios–EUandTurkey 80
5.1 Gas-importdiversityprofiles–EUandTurkey 99
7.1 Turkey’snaturalgasimportsbasedonsourcecountries
(millioncubicmetres)(2000–09) 148
Figures
1.1 TheenergylogicofTurkey’sEUaccessionbid 7
2.1 DevelopmentofEUenergypoliciesovertime 18
3.1 Grossinlandconsumptionsharesbytypeoffuel
intheEU27 39
7.1 Turkey’sgrossinlandconsumption(energymixin
mtoe,%)(2007) 147
viii
Acknowledgements
Both of us are extremely grateful to Alexandra Webster and Liz
Blackmore at Palgrave Macmillan for their unstinting support and
patience through all stages of the publication process. We also wish to
thankTurkishPetroleumPipelineCorporation(Botas)andNabuccoGas
Pipeline International GmbH for allowing us permission to use their
NabuccomapasFigure7.1inthebook.
AliTekin
Several people were crucial in helping me on this project, especially
DuyguSeverandGizemKumas,whoperformedexcellentresearchassis-
tance on various chapters. The graduate students in my various EU
coursesparticipatedinlivelydiscussionsofthetopic,providingmewith
additionalmotivationtocompletethemanuscript.Ialsowishtothank
the Jean Monnet Chair Programme of the European Commission for
supporting my attendance at numerous conferences, where I had the
opportunitytosharesomeoftheideascontainedinthebook.Inaddi-
tion, the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard
University kindly provided me with a 6-month visiting fellowship in
2008–09,whichallowedmetoworkonthetopicofthebook.
PaulAndrewWilliams
I would like to thank Bilkent University for supporting my sabbatical
leavein2009–10andWoodrowWilsonInternationalCenterforSchol-
arsforthecomplementaryofferofavisitingscholarshippositionduring
that time. My student interns at the Wilson Center, Jakub Olszowiec
and Arda Bilgen, provided invaluable research assistance on my part
of this joint book project. Finally, I would be negligent to the utmost
in not expressing my sincerest gratitude to my wife Zeynep for all her
sacrificeandsupportthroughoutthisentireprocessaswellastomypar-
entsMelvinandMaryfortheirinnumerableandindispensablewordsof
reassuranceandencouragement.
ix
