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Faunal Remains
from
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;\ Klasies River Mouth
,..:
LEWISR. BINFORD
Depnrtmcnt of Anthropology
University of New México
Albuquerquc,New México
1984
@
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
HARCOURTBRACErOVANOV[CH. pURLlSHERS
StudiesinArchaeology
Orlando San Diego San Francisco New York London
A complete listottillesinthisseriesappearsaltheend01thisvolume. Toronro Montreal Sydney Tokvo Saol'aulo .;1)
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Contents
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TRANSMIlTEDINANYFORM ORBYANYMEANS, ELECTRONIC
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ACADEMIC PRESS. INC.
Orlando,Florida32887
List al Figures ix
Lis! al Tables xv
UnítedKingdom Edition pubtished by
ACADEMIC PRESS. INC. (LONDON) LTD. Preface xvii
24128OvalROld, Londo" NWI 7DX
Acknowlcdgrncnts XIX
LibraryofCongrcssCataloginginPublicationDala l. Problem, Approaches, and the Process of Learning
Binford, Lewis Roberts, Date
The Problcm 1
Faunal remains from Klasies River mouth.
Approaches to Research 9
(Studies in archaeology) The Rcsearch Tactics: Where Do WeSeekInsights? 15
Bibliography: p.
lneludes indexe
2. Klasies River Mouth: A Provocative Case
l. Paleolithic period, Lower--South AfricB-
Kaapsedrifrivier Valley. 2. Animal remains
{Archaeology)--South Africa--Kaapsedrifrivier Valley. lntroduction t8
3. Human evolution. 4. Kaapsedrifrivier Valley Environmcnts Pasr and Prcscnt ar Klasies River 20
(South Africa)--Antiquities. 5. South Africa- Stone Assemblages of rhe Klasies River Mouth Sites JI
Antiquíties. l. Title. 11. Series
Dating the Events Documented in the Klasies Sites J8
GN772.42.S6BB56 19B4 573.2 B3-15909
Summary 46
ISBN 0-12-100070-2 (a1k. paper)
(3.\ The Klasies Fauna: Approaches to Analysis
I'RINTED IN THE UNITEOSTATES OF AMERICA '--'
Introduction 48
fU 115 116 87 987fo54)1\ Approachcs ro Desctiption 48
,
V"
,., Contente Contcnts
Tools, We3pom, and Hunnng Aids 254
Evidcnce lor Use of rhc Site byPorcupines 51 HOlTIe Basesand the AltruisticSharing ModelofHuman Evolution 255
Evidcncc for Lcopards 55
An Altcmative to rhe Central-Place Foraging Model
Evidcncc for Hyarnas 59
of Hominid Behavior 259
Asscssmcnrof lntcgritv 63
SorneFin:!1 Thoughts 264
Units of Obscrvation fH
lnformnnon (,uidingObscrvaticn and Analysis 65
~liddk' Stone A~l' Auatomicnl-Part l-rcqucncies Referenees 267
from Klasics River Mourh Can: 1 77
lntcrprctation of Patterning X4
Index 277
4. A Pattern Reeognition Study
Ihc AxialSkch-ron YY
Horn 100
Occipital Condylcs 102
.\bxllbry Ares lO.)
lccth 104
Mandiblc 106
Vcrtcbt.rlColumn IJ2.
Pelvis 122
Ihe.: Appcndicular Skclcton 123
Distinctivv Brcak,lgt' 152
Burning 159
lnrerpreration of Pattcrning 165
Summnrv 19()
:>. Hominid Subsistcnce Eeology and Land Use
Subsisrcncc Tacrics 192
\'(/;lS KlnsicsRivcrMourh Cave t a Homc Base? 197
1Ill'Ecologv nfScnvcnging 20I
Scavcuging and Agc Profilcs 211
The Ecology of Hunring 115
Huuring andAgePrufilcs 21R
lmplications of VariableSubsistenccTacticsfor
Environmcnral Reconstruction and Daring 225
Dating(i{ rhc Site Sequrnct' 24t
Sununary 24_~
\'('h;u HaH' \'('el.camcd from Klnsics? 244
Beyond Klasies River Mouth: Implieations
(Í.
[or Understanding Early Man
1-, Klasics RivcrMouth Uniquc? 248
lrnplicurionsforour ldcasof rilePasr 252
Huunug Rccon..idcn-d 253
List of Figures
1.1 Apack-hunting modelof carly hominid hfc. 1
1.2 Clynn Isaac's model for recognition of sirc function. 7
2.1 Middle Stonc Age sitcs in southcm Afnca. 19
2.2 The sourbcm Afnc.m (0;151, looking easrncar DieKcldcrs,Sourh
Africn. 22
2.1 Tvuvrk.uumncoavt, showiJl~ locarion ofC:\VC'>.tnd rhcgrms lopographic
serrillgur KlasicsRivcr Mouth. 23
2.4 "Busbm.m hunnng .1hrrd of hctcrogcncous garue,' by "1: Baincs. 26
2.5 Climatic cunditions in winrcr and summcr, as recen..tructed for a tvpical
g1.l(i~l' cpisodc accordingro rhczonal modcl ufvan Zindcrcn
Bakkcr. 28
2.6 Climmic condirions in winrer ond sumrncr, ,l'¡ reconstrucrcd for a rypical
intcrglucial cpisodc according ro rbc zonal model of van Zindcrcn
Bakkcr. JO
2.7 Cape buffalo in tvpicnl bu~h covcr. 31
2.~ Bush I'ig 1Il hush COVL'f. 31
2.!.! The rclattonship amoug rhe various vires ~H rhc main vm-;11Klasivs Rivcr
:),1
Mourh.
2.10 Verticalscction showíng thc n-l.inouslup arnong thc various grotlp"of
lcvcls:H thesitcsuf Cave 1,Shcltcr 1A,and Cave 2at Klavics Rivcr
Mourh. 34
2.11 Red h.irtcbccst: cx.uuple"01' gr.17.ing unim.tls. 42
2.12 Comparntivc frcqueucics ofgrasslaud VlTSUS bush-loving vpccics ncrossthc
mujercxcavation uní!';al KL1siC's River Mouth. 43
"
List of Figures "
Lis!ofFigures
x
4.5 Dismembcrtucnt-mark placement when rhe mandil-le iscirhcr opcn or
2.1.' Summarv graph of lr'O/lXO ranos as known for shells recovcrcd from closcd. 110
various lcvcls ;11Klasics Rivcr Mouth. 44 4.6 Hack marks 011 rhe base(lfthc mandibular condylc
.1.I Porcupinc gnawing on thc proximal cnd ofan cland U;wrotragus) (T.wrotragus), III
rncracarpal (Cave 1,Levcl 14). 52 4.7 Opcn-mounr(lit marks on the mandiblc of Rapbíccrus, 112
3.2 Porcnpiue gnawing ovcr ;l rool.inflicred mark 011 a vertebral frugrnenr 4.H Canid fecding011 .1secrionof Lumbar vcrrehrue,showinu rhc"polling up"
(Cave l, l.cvel \41. 55 action of rcmoval of rhe reudcrloin. 115
.LJ Graphic comparisnn bctwccn largc-hovid rcmains frorn Leve! 14 and the 4.9 Modern cland (Tallrotragusl vcrrebrac gnawcd hyhyncnn. 116
combincd frcqucncics Irom 311 orhcr Ievels at Cave 1. 58 4.10 Modcrn wildcbccsr (Connocbactesí carcasscs fcd upon byboth hyacnn and
.lA Craphic comparison bcrwecn smnll-bovid rcmains from Leve! 14 versus the [ackals, showing uppcr breakage on the dorsal spincs and neck hrcakagc
comhincd "othcr" levcls ar Cave 1, and rhe control data from leopard lnirs ofthc ribs. 117
collccrcd byC. K.Brain. 59 4.11 Vcrtcbrneof Pelea {vaalrhcbok},showing anirnal-tooth
.1.1 Lcgboncs cotlccred hythe aurhor at rhe (iroothrak spotted hvncna den in puncturcs. 118
cheNo..."oh nvcr vallcv,'ihowin~rypir,ll p,mnm of hrcukagc .md 4.12 Nunanuut Eskimo rcmoving a ribslab by cracking irhack againsrthc
guawing. óO vcrtcbrae. 119
1.6 1)crailoftooth scoting Otl ascapula. 61 4.13 Marks ínflicred(Inrhcpelviswhcn the fcmur isdislocatcd. 125
\.7 1)c1;111 of cluppcd aud vmoothcd pscudotool prodlH.:ed hyspottcd 4.14 Dismcmbcrmcnt ntarks on rhcscapuia. 12X
hv.tcna. 62 4.15 Fillcnngmarks on ventral surface of rhescapula. 129
q¡ Detail 01' rooth puucturc and scoopcd-our sofr tissuc on ,111 articular 4.16 Cut ruarks on carpals. 135
end. 63 4.17 Cutring (heskin down rheinsideof asheep lego I3R
3.9 Comparisnns bcrwcen Richardsons control data aud rnodcl data abour the 4.IS Caribou, shov....-ing skin rippcd down onc !egduring skinning
composition 01' scavcngcd cnrcass popularions. 6X proccdure. 139
UO Ruvagcdwildcbccst ClrC.1SS in rbeNossob Ri\"t:r Valley. 70 4.19 Altcrnativc disiointing strategics whcn the jOll1tis eithcr sriftor
3.1\ 1kcr carcass kd UpOll hycoyotes in Montana. 71 flexible. 140
\.12 Percentagcof rL'(oven:d hones cxhihiring cut marks (Nunamim control 4.20 !Kullgbushman carrying proccsscd bifl(mg from a kilito a rcsidclllial
data). 74 CHBp. 145
\.1.1 Scalcco/llp~uison Jmong spccil'srepresenting diffcrl'nrbody-sizcclasses 4.21 Nharo Bushman earryillg a sreenbok (Rllf1hiccl"IIs) baL"k to
llscdinrhis'>tlld)'. 7X (;1I11p. 145
\.14 LOlllP,HisOIl lit Bin/ortl\ ;llIdKh:ill\ uhuLllioll'iof all;HOlllll:al P,lftslor 4.22 Springh;lrl'!'i beingplau.:d111 all a~·h hcarth in prep¡uatiotl t(lrL"Ookillg bya
brgc-si71'bovids. HJ Masarv,'JHushman. 14ó
\.15 Comparisonof Billford's ,1Ild Klein'stahulations (lf anatomiol parts for 4.2.l Hh."k marks <lcross the disul londy!cs of tlll' IlH:tacup;¡1 (lf all CLltld
sm,lllh\lvids. H4 C/i.wrolragtls). 150
3.16 COll1p¡Hi'ion of anatomical parts for smalt and largc buvids. !SS 4.24 Distal mctat;:¡rsal {rolna busbbllCk (Trd}?e!aplms saiptlfs), showing what
3.17 Testof Klasicsdata forevidcnceof hone-pan destruetlon. 87 are considcrcd ro hehominid rooth marks. 151
l.1S Rclativefrequenciesof segmcnts ofsmall bovldsmost often inrroduceJ ro 4.25 Tooth puncture on the first pha/anx of aH e1and(1aurotr'lgus). IS2
the site. 1.)2 4.26 Mer;](arpats of small bovids (mostly Raphicel"lls) showillg Iackof
.u~ Comparison hcrween anatomical p.ut frcqucncies from sm<lll Jnd largc j're,lbgc. 156
1,00·id, (rl·1.:01lSrnlCtcd ,,¡¡llles). 9.1 ..'-27 ~ll't¡lClfJ,¡ds (l(gi;llJt bntt;do (l)clorol'Ís) ,howmg distilll"tin' hn"lkagc
L!.O !'rO!l(- ami rL',l1-·lq~ p,l1"tS nI Nlllumiur kilIP()I'\lbl10n~ ~(,lkd ag'lin"t patrcrtls. 156
urilityv;ltlle~. 1.)5 4.2R Srlit proxim;ll llH'tatarS¡lls(lf eblld (1tmrotragwL 1)7
~.21 Hxbti\'c frcqlll·lIt.."il" (lf;llUtoll1il',ll Sl'gllll'llh fnlll1 L~rgl' bovid" 9(, 4.19 Splitll11'[;lpodi,lb rt·lluining in;lNunamiut FskilllO 11IIlltillg
4.\ lli/JIlotr"glff. horn cures, illmtrating riteirunbroken 'Utl'.. 101 stand. 158
4.2 Ti.lIfrol,.,'J,:tlS hOrtl cores, i1lusrratingtheir split (ondiI10H. 101 4.30 Sptirphalanges of ebnd (TtlllrotrtlKlIs). 159
4.3 Positiol\of cut marks Jlong tllJxillary teeth. 104 4.31 Roan ;:¡nrcl0reheJd prior ro hring prcp.1rrdfor roasring hyN~,lC NY,lC
4.4 Cornparison het\\'Cenanim.:ll- and hominid-transported assrlllhL1ges inthe Bushmen. 164
n..'btionshipbl't\\'C'l'll body sizcand frequcnl'Y (lf hcad tr<ltlsport. 108
;:¡".u:~ooJ '~
-O~ "3c-,ee~"'JJ ':j,.s:uEue"OBE" >u.:Be-u3 J,.s: ~~ o:::;;B
.sE~.g= ~,~.oc
-O'".,."B'"-o u"5~"e..;~uE~""-¡; ""u-cs-,.2"§e::1 .~e:~U.g= '"N ~,
0;2"c¡¡::2..~ .~~eui~•e'"''5E...c"g[,;:;M u, ~E
'r Me-c
,
Eo-o-¡;
List of Tables
, 3.l Porcupinc Gnawing and 'I'tansport Compnrisons S")
1 3.2 Compatisons between Levcl 14 and othcr Cave I l.evcls for Rccoguizing
Biasthat might Rcsulr from Leopard Usenf rhcSirr 57
1 3.3 Fauna] Remains around Nuuamiut Eskimo Ice Lcllars 73
I 3.4 Tabulation of KlasiesRivcrMourh Cave I l-auna hyKlein 79
3.5 Tabulntion of KlasiesRiver Mouth Can- I FaUI1.1 byBinford RO
I 1.6 Rcconstructcd l-rcqucncies Ior Small.utd l.argc govíJs SI)
I 4.1 Horn-Core Bases Tahulatcd hyBoJ)' Size lOO
I 4.2 Occipital Condylcs Tabul.ircd hy BOlly Sit.t..' \02
i 4.3 Maxillary Dental AresTabulated byBodvSize HU
4.4 Surnrnaryof LooscTccrhplusTh05C Rcmaining Encascd in Bony Parts,
I Tabulatcd by BodySize 105
45 Frcqucncy Cornpanson among Parts of the Cranium 106
4.6 Compnrisons of MAUs lndicatcd byTccth from rhc Maxilla and
J Mandil-le 107
I
4.7 Modificurions to Mandibles, Tabulared byBody Sizc 109
4.8 Atlus.md AxisVcrtebrae, Tabulatcd byBoJ}'Sixc III
4.9 Thoracic Vcrtcbruc: SpincsOnly 114
4.10 "lhor.tcic Vcrtchrnc: Ccntrums Onlv IIB
4.11 Brcakagcof l'roxim.il Ribsaud Orhcr RihScgmcnts t21
4.12 Rihs: Cut, Hack, nnd Cnaw Marks 121
4.1.l l.umb.rr Vcrtchrac and Sacrum: Cut, Hack, and C;lUW Mu-ks 122
4.14 Pclvicl'arrs: Cut, Hack, and Gnaw Marks [23
4.15 Proximal Femur: Cut, Hack, and (inaw Marks 124
.\T
ListofTablcs
.\TI
4.16 Distal Fcutur: Cut, Hack,nndCnaw Marks 12fl
4.17 ProximalTibia- Cut, Hack, 3mIGnaw Marks 126
4./N DistalTibia:Cut, Huck, and Gnaw Marks 117
4.19 Scapuln:Cut, H~llk. and Cnaw Morks 127
4.20 lnflicrcdMarks: Upper-Front l.imbs [JO
4.21 Carpals: Frequcucyand Modificarion 134
4.22 Proximal Mctacarpals: Cut. Hack, and (inaw Marks 136
4.l.J Distal Mctacarpals: Cut, Hack, and (inaw Marks 137
4.24 Cut Mnrks 011Tarsals. DistalTibiac, and Proximal Mctar.trsals 142
4.25 Cm, Hack, ami Cuaw Marks on thc Larger Tarsal Boncs 14- Preface
4.26 CutMarks DLl rhcAstrngalusand Cnlcancus 14H
4.27 Mctararsals: Cut, Hack,and Gnaw Marks 14Y
4.2N Frngutcnt Frcqucncies for Mctupodials frorn Four Sprcics 01 Diñcrcnr
Boclv Size 154
4.29 Brcakagcl'artcnung of hrst Phalangcs 15S
4..JO Frcqucncics of Burucd-Bonc Frugrnents 162
4.\1 Richardson"sScavcngingData Comparcd wnh Klasicsl.argc Bovidsand
Anaktuvuk Dog Yard lflH
4.12 SUIll1l1<lrV of lnflicredMarks hySizeCarcgory 17H
.1.1 Comcidcnral Appcaranccs of Anirnals at \'(iaterho!e, with
Camivorcs 203
5.2 l-rcqucncv of \'(/orn and Unworn Milkpn-mol.rrs 215
Thisbookstarredasan amele,Thatitgrew is,inIact,P:lftofthccxcitcment
.\.3 CrownHciuhts for Horsc Tecrh from tlu- Mousrcrian Sitc of Combe
of this piece of rcscurch. AH rhc observatinns 011 the Klasics [auun wcrc
Lircn.tl 223
made in Capctown and wcrc rccordcd in my notchooks. No sununarv
.1.4 Crown Hcights of Scvcrul Spccics from Klasics Rivcr Mourh 21.3
.1..1 TbeMiuimum Numbcr, of ludividucls bywhichcachManuualianSpccics tabularion or synthcses of data were attempted whilc Iwas sti!l in África,
IsRcprcscnrcd nrKlasicsRivcrMouthCave 22H norwasnnyarrcmprmadeatsuch synrheses on rnyimmrdiarc return. When
,.(, Thc Miniuunu Numbcrs 01ludividuals hy whichcach Mauuunli.m Spccics Idccidcdtu wrirc IIp tlu-Klasics data, Israrrcd to:lSSl'llIhk :111 the observa
ls Rcprcvcutcd in Klasics Rivcr Mourh CHe 1;\ 230 tions anaromically, part hypart. Ihnd no idea rhar thc pancrning reponed
S.7 Thc Mininuun Numbers of lndividu.ilsbywhicbeaeh Mammalian Spccics in Chapter 4 was as robusr as it tumed out to be. In [act rhc rclarionslups
15 Rcprcscntcd in Klasics Rivcr Mouth Cave IH 232 bctwccn anarouucal part, animal gnawing, burchcriug-mark Ircqucucics,
S.N lnvcntorics Ahstructcd frorn Klcin's Basi( Data Tahk... 214 and aH the facrs rhat have provcd so interesring whcn synthesi7.edfor the
KlasiesLumacame as surprises as rhe descriptive work progrcssed. Aseach
ncwly rccognized pattrrt1 emergcd~ Ifrequently found myself pursuing liter
ature on subjects nm anticipated as rclevant \'."l1cl1 the work began. This
book, then, is the rcsult of a productivc fecdback between thc cfllcrg<.::nt
patternin~ of rhedat'" anJ my thoughts ahout the imp1iclr;onsof the lll'wly
rccognil.cd pattcrns for our ideas about i\liddle Stol1l' i\ge hominid bc
havior.
Tlle rcsult is a book rhar dcvdops an <lrgulllcllt abo{lt thc"hehavioT nI
Middle Stone Agt.' hominicls; these argumcnts luve strong impact on 1lI;l1lY
(ol1tcmporary ideas about the course of human l'\'olution. Thc impact is
both I1lcthodologic11 and substantive. The suggcstiolls th;lt are presl'llted
regarding the factors th:1tshaped our OWIl humanity are llt:w ami certain to
XI'ii
Prefacc
\:1'111
srimulate controversy. If ir is followed byresearch instead of by mislcading
rhctoric, rhe controversy thar is almost cerrain to nppear could tukc us a
long way toward a more accurate undersrandingof ourevolurionary pasto1
JITI excited about this book; sorne of the proposals and conclusions may
sccrntu reach too íar "hcyond the data."The rcader may judgeand develop
rhcse ideas as he or shc wishes. 1hold the view thatconservatism wi!l nevcr
leadus to the productive recognition ofOUT ignorance nor ro thepursuit of
the research needed[Q reduceir.Theargumentspresentedhereare aneffort
tu move toward borh of the aboye goals.
Acknowledgments
The work reponed here could quite literally nevcrhave heril done ifit were
not for John Parkington and his kind invitation romerovisirand work ar
the Llnivrrvity of Cape Town, South Africn.John was instrumental in get
ting metoSouth África:many other kind colleagues cnhanccd my visirand
madc ironc of thc most memorable cxpcricnccs of my life.To[ohn and ;111
rhcstaff and students ar rhc Univcrsityof Cape TOWIl, Iam most g.r~ltdlll.
Spccifically, the work with the fauna reported hcrcwas madr possiblc
through the cooperation of Richard Klcin of the DepartrncntofAnthropril
ogy,University of Chicago.Richard had prevjouslysrudicdthe Klasies fauna
and made the arrangcments for me ro carry out rhe obscrvarions upon
which rhis srudy is hased. Richard helped get me started and was always
helpful when Iencounteredproblemsduringthe work. He introduced me ro
Q. B.Hcndey, who also lent his support to my work. Ingeneral thc stnffof
rhc Sourh African Muscum greatly eontributed to rhc succcssofrnywork. 1
O\'\.T ~l very SPCCi;ll thauks tu Mr. E.H.Shaw, who helprd me durill~ my
rescnrch ~H the South African Museum in so rn.my wavs.
Most of my observations 011 thc fauna werc done alonc; howevcr. 011
sevcra1occasions,studcnts from thc University of CapeTown wentwith me
ro thc South Africuu lvh¡Sl'UI11 und actually workcd011 thc boncs. For this
assisrancc I am most grateful. During the lasr days of my sray in Sourh
África, John Lanham workcd with me nearly al1 thc time and took ;111 the
documentary photographs of the Klasies fauna, many of which aprear in
this hook. Iam most grateful for John's skill and dedication.
\"1\
xx Acknowlcdgmcnts
Back in Albuquerque 1have been assisted by many of my students:
SteveKuhn, Mary Snncr, and Erik Ingbar read ami commented on sections
of rhemanuscript. Ncale Draper and DelDrapcr both have helped with the
manuscripl and Del did all rhe lyping. Charles Carrillo did rhe drawings
thar appcarhereasFigures3.13 and 5.6. Asusual, Ihavehad theSUPP0rl of
mydepartrnent, and jerrySabloffin particularhas been most encouraging.
In May 1982 I had rhe opportunity 'o lecture al Bcrkeley and was
hosted byGlynn Isaac, F. C. Howell,and William Woodcoek. 1,was largely
the result of discussions with Tim White, Owcn Lovejoy,and Glynn Isaac
Fauna/ Remains [rom Klasies River Mouth
that inspired me lo gel on with myanalysis of rhe Klasiesdala, which hnd
been sirting since my return from South Africa. lt was in the contexr ofthe
stimulationat Berkeleythat Isawmore c1carly theimporranceofthedataro
be rcoortcd here. Clearly many of rhesemen willno' welcome this analysis
wirh open arms; nevcrtheless, it was in rhe context otrheir ideas that the
imporrance of thcse observations scemed to rest.
Finally,afirst draft ofthis manuscriptwas circulated to Richard Klein,
Don Graysou, Tim While, J. Desmond Clark, and F. C. Howell. AII re
sponded with hclpful ami asrute criticismoAs a rcsult of thcir suggcstions
and crincisms, Isubstantially rewrore Chapters 1-3, as wellas 5. Most of
thcsereaders willser rhat Itooktheir suggestions to heartand Ihavetried to
answcr their questions and to elaborare the points rhat they considered
underdeveloped in the íirsr draft. Perhaps the only reader who may be a
littlc put out hy my failure to heed sorne of his observations isTim White.
Timhassornestrongopinionsahourthe history ofideasinAfncanstudies. I
am inagrecmcnr wirh mosrof hisviews. Inspite ofmyagreernent, however,
Ilwlicvcthat rhc logk'of Il1Y prcscntation inChaprer I has mcrit, :1I1d cvcn
rhougll iris rruc thar Louis l.cakey hasically always lookcd for carlicr and
eatlicr formsof truc mcn, hisbehaviorat the Darwin cenrennial and shortly
aftcr thc discovcry of thc Zm¡ floor has not been previously summarizcd. 1
rhink irwas fascinating inspite ofthe faet that the outcomc (Hamo halJilis)
was consistent with his earlier biases. In any event, there are plenty of
matcrials for ene intcrested in the intellectual history of Early Man srudics:
rnydiscussion ís not mcant ro be exhausrive.
To thesc p<'rsonsand allwho have soughr ro know rhe past, and who
by thcir work havc morivated orhcrs to ger on wirh science, Icxpress my
sinccre thanks and,rcgistcr I11Y admiration and respecto
