Table Of ContentThe Biology
of Crustacea
Editor-in-Chief
Dorothy E. Bliss
Department of Invertebrates
The American Museum of Natural History
New York, New York*
*Present address: Brook Farm Road, RR5, Wakefield, Rhode Island 02879
The Biology of Crustacea
VOLUME 10
Economic Aspects:
Fisheries
and
Culture
Edited by
ANTHONY J. PROVENZANO, JR.
Department of Oceanography
School of Sciences and Health Professions
Old Dominion University
Norfolk, Virginia
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. 1985
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
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ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Orlando, Florida 32887
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Biology of Crustacea.
Includes bibliograpnies and indexes.
Contents: v. 1. Systematics, the fossil record, and
biogeography / edited by Lawrence 6. Abele -- v. 2.
Embryology, morphology, and genetics / edited by Lawrence
ΰ. Abele -- [etc.] -- v. 10. Economic aspects / edited by
Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr.
1. Crustacea—Collected works. I. Bliss, Dorothy E.
LUNLM: 1. Crustacea. QX 463 8615]
QL435.B48 595.3 82-4058
ISBN 0-12-106410-7 (v. 10)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
85 86 87 88 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SUPEROftOER
EUCARIDA
ORDER
DECAPODA
ORDER
BATHYNELLACEA
SUBCLASS
EUMALACOSTRACA
SUBCLASS HOPLOCARIDA
SUBCLASS PHYLLOCARIDA ORDER STOMATOPODA
ORDER LEPTOSTRACA
^ MALACOSTRACA
SUBCLASS
BRANCHIURA
SUBCLASS
COPEPODA
CLASS
*ΐ-MAXILLOPODA- Λ
^N
MYSTACOCARIDA CIRRIPEDIA
OSTRACODA-
CLASS CLASS
REMIPEDIA BRANCHIOPODA
■Y
CLASS
CEPHALOCARIDA
A visual representation of the Bowman and Abele classification of Crustacea (see Chapter 1,
Volume 1). This is not intended to indicate phylogenetic relationships and should not be so
interpreted. The dashed line at the base emphasizes uncertainties concerning the origin of the
five classes and their relationship to one another.
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
). Stanley Cobb (167), Department of Zoology, The University of Rhode
Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Paul A. Haefner, jr. (111), Biology Department, Rochester Institute of Tech
nology, Rochester, New York 14623
Robert C. Maris (1), Department of Oceanography, Old Dominion Univer
sity, Norfolk, Virginia 23508
Richard A. Neat*1 (1), International Center for Living Aquatic Resources
Management, Makati, Metro Manila, Republic of the Philippines
Anthony ]. Provenzano, Jr. (249, 269), Department of Oceanography,
School of Sciences and Health Professions, Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, Virginia 23508
Denis Wang2 (167), Department of Zoology, The University of Rhode Is
land, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
Present address: Office of Agriculture, Bureau of Science and Technology, U.S. Agency for
International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523.
2Present address: The Kildonan School, Armenia, New York 12501.
ix
General Preface
In I960 and 1961, a two-volume work, "The Physiology of Crustacea,"
edited by Talbot H. Waterman, was published by Academic Press. Thirty-
two biologists contributed to it. The appearance of these volumes consti
tuted a milestone in the history of crustacean biology. It marked the first time
that editor, contributors, and publisher had collaborated to bring forth in
English a treatise on crustacean physiology. Today, research workers still
regard this work as an important resource in comparative physiology.
By the latter part of the 1970s, a need clearly existed for an up-to-date
work on the whole range of crustacean studies. Major advances had oc
curred in crustacean systematics, phylogeny, biogeography, embryology,
and genetics. Recent research in these fields and in those of ecology, be
havior, physiology, pathobiology, comparative morphology, growth, and
sex determination of crustaceans required critical evaluation and integration
with earlier research. The same was true in areas of crustacean fisheries and
culture.
Once more, a cooperative effort was initiated to meet the current need.
This time its fulfillment required eight editors and almost 100 contributors.
This new treatise, "The Biology of Crustacea," is intended for scientists
doing basic or applied research on various aspects of crustacean biology.
Containing vast background information and perspective, this treatise
should be a valuable source for zoologists, paleontologists, ecologists,
physiologists, endocrinologists, morphologists, pathologists, and fisheries
biologists, and an essential reference work for institutional libraries.
In the preface to Volume 1, editor Lawrence G. Abele has commented on
the excitement that currently pervades many areas of crustacean biology.
One such area is that of systematics. The ferment in this field made it
difficult for Bowman and Abele to prepare an arrangement of families of
Recent Crustacea. Their compilation (Chapter 1, Volume 1) is, as they have
stated, "a compromise and should be until more evidence is in." Their
arrangement is likely to satisfy some crustacean biologists, undoubtedly not
all. Indeed, Schräm (Chapter 4, Volume 1) has offered a somewhat different
XI
xii General Preface
arrangement. As generally used in this treatise, the classification of Crus
tacea follows that outlined by Bowman and Abele.
Selection and usage of terms have been somewhat of a problem. Ideally,
in a treatise, the same terms should be used throughout. Yet biologists do
not agree on certain terms. For example, the term ostracode is favored by
systematists and paleontologists, ostracod by many experimentalists. A
different situation exists with regard to the term midgut gland, which is more
acceptable to many crustacean biologists than are the terms hepatopancreas
and digestive gland. Accordingly authors were encouraged to use midgut
gland. In general, however, the choice of terms and spelling was left to the
editors and authors of each volume.
In nomenclature, consistency is necessary if confusion as to the identity of
an animal is to be avoided. In this treatise, we have sought to use only valid
scientific names. Wherever possible, synonyms of valid names appear in the
taxonomic indexes.
Every manuscript was reviewed by at least one person before being
accepted for publication. All authors were encouraged to submit new or
revised material up to a short time prior to typesetting. Thus, very few
months elapse between receipt of final changes and appearance of a volume
in print. By these measures, we ensure that the treatise is accurate, readable,
and up-to-date.
Dorothy E. Bliss
General Acknowledgments
In the preparation of this treatise, my indebtedness extends to many per
sons and has grown with each succeeding volume. First and foremost is the
great debt owed to the authors. Due to their efforts to produce superior
manuscripts, unique and exciting contributions lie within the covers of these
volumes.
Deserving of special commendation are authors who also served as edi
tors of individual volumes. These persons have conscientiously performed
the demanding tasks associated with inviting and editing manuscripts and
ensuring that the manuscripts were thoroughly reviewed. In addition, Dr.
Linda H. Mantel has on innumerable occasions extended to me her advice
and professional assistance well beyond the call of duty as volume editor. In
large part because of the expertise and willing services of these persons, this
treatise has become a reality.
Also deserving of thanks and praise are scientists who gave freely of their
time and professional experience to review manuscripts. In the separate
volumes, many of these persons are mentioned by name.
Lastly, thanks are due to all members of the staff of Academic Press
involved in the preparation of this treatise. Their professionalism and en
couragement have been indispensable.
Dorothy E. Bliss
XIII
Preface to Volume 10
Not only are the Crustacea as a whole of major ecological value, they
have an impact also on the affairs of human beings in an important way.
Some of the economic effects are poorly appreciated by the general public
and even by the scientific community. For example, the effect of barnacles
on maritime fuel and maintenance costs is probably on the order of hun
dreds of millions of dollars annually. The damage done to wooden struc
tures by peracarids in the nearshore marine environment is likewise substan
tial. In the early planning for this volume, we had hoped to include coverage
of all major economic aspects of the biology of crustaceans, but that proved
to be a task beyond our current capacity. We chose instead to limit the
volume to a consideration of those elements of crustacean biology associ
ated primarily with production of human food, namely, fisheries and
culture.
The role of the brine shrimp Artemia in crustacean culture, as in fish
culture, is significant and worldwide, both for freshwater and saltwater
hatchery operations. Limitations in supplies of the cysts of Artemia, the form
in which this shrimp is most valuable, have frequently been described as
bottlenecks to more rapid expansion of artificial propagation efforts for lar
val fish and crustaceans. Because of the importance of Artemia in crusta
cean culture and in research applications, original plans included a chapter
on this important crustacean. Several recent major volumes have been pub
lished on the biology and economic impact of the brine shrimp, however, so
such detailed treatment is not included here.
The shrimps and prawns support the largest and most valuable crustacean
fisheries in the world. In Chapter 1, Neal and Maris review the groups
comprising the commercially important shrimps and prawns and their near
relatives as well as the generally used fishing methods. The major genera
and the location of the major fisheries are summarized. Various aspects of
the biology and the fisheries management problems of shrimp are discussed.
A section on food technology with emphasis on postharvest handling is
included, as is a summary of trends and research needs.
XV
xvi Preface to Volume 10
The brachyuran and anomuran crabs support large marine fisheries in
several oceans. In Chapter 2, Haefner points out the role and impact of body
form in the biology and especially the fisheries of crabs. He follows this with
a review of the more important crab fisheries, including geographical loca
tion, scope or scale, and gear used in the fisheries, and discusses biological
factors important in fisheries of crabs.
Chapter 3 by Cobb and Wang deals with lobsters and their kin. Significant
differences in the anatomy and biology of these economically important
groups greatly affect their respective fisheries. The impact on fisheries meth
ods and management approaches of behavioral responses to environment,
modes of reproduction, recruitment, and population dynamics are dis
cussed. The chapter begins with biological and behavioral considerations
and concludes with consideration of fisheries management problems and
research needs.
With the steadily increasing demand and high prices offered for crusta
ceans, many fisheries are under severe pressure, and in some instances
maximum yields from natural populations may already have been reached.
Methods for the artificial propagation and production of crustaceans have
developed rapidly in recent years. In Chapter 4, Provenzano reviews culture
methods and factors important in managing systems through water quality
control. Desirable characteristics of candidate species for crustacean aqua-
culture are discussed. The peculiar feature of molting and its effect on
approaches to crustacean culture are included.
Chapter 5 deals with the large-scale culture of major decapod groups,
opening with the general biological characteristics of decapods relevant to
aquaculture. This is followed by sections on the culture of shrimp, prawns,
anomurans, crabs, lobsters, and crayfishes.
Several of the present chapters, originally intended for inclusion in an
earlier volume, were submitted substantially in advance of others, and
hence their publication was delayed. I wish to thank those authors for their
extraordinary patience. Dr. Philip Mundy kindly reviewed the fisheries
chapters and made a number of helpful suggestions. Mr. Robert Maris as
sisted me in several ways, especially in the preparation of the indexes.
In a work of this type no manuscript is ever complete, and all could be
indefinitely revised and updated. Nevertheless, we believe we have offered
the reader a stimulating general review of the important economic aspects of
crustacean biology and trust that we have encouraged the further explora
tion of some of the most fascinating and exciting problems in applied crusta
cean biology.
Anthony I. Provenzano, Jr.
