Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime, and Violence in the Americas Today

459 Pages·2015·2.27 MB·English

by  Bruce M. Bagley

Drug Trafficking, Organized Crime,
and Violence in the Americas Today
University Press of Florida
Florida A&M University, Tallahassee
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton
Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers
Florida International University, Miami
Florida State University, Tallahassee
New College of Florida, Sarasota
University of Central Florida, Orlando
University of Florida, Gainesville
University of North Florida, Jacksonville
University of South Florida, Tampa
University of West Florida, Pensacola

Drug Trafficking,
Organized Crime,
and Violence in the
Americas Today
Edited by
Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen
University Press of Florida
Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton
Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota
Copyright 2015 by Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
This book may be available in an electronic edition.
20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1
A record of cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-8130-6068-2
The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University
System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University,
Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University,
New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of
North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida.
University Press of Florida
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Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Preface: On the Study of Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime
Networks in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Twenty-First
Century xiii
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction. Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in Latin America
and the Caribbean in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges to
Democracy 1
Bruce M. Bagley
Part I. U.S. Drug Policies at Home and Abroad
1. Coca, Cocaine, and Consumption: Trends and Antitrends 27
J. Bryan Page
2. Illegal Drugs as a National Security Threat: Securitization of Drugs in
the U.S. Official Discourse 43
Yulia Vorobyeva
3. The War on Drugs and the Role of SOUTHCOM 67
Juan Gabriel Tokatlian
4. Mission Creep: The U.S. Military’s Counterdrug Role
in the Americas 87
Adam Isacson
5. Security Challenges at the U.S.-Mexican Border: Understanding the
Security Threats to State and Local Governments 109
Rocío A. Rivera Barradas
6. Drug-Control Policies in the United States: Patterns, Prevalence, and
Problems of Drug Use in the United States 121
Bruce M. Bagley
Part II. Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime: Country and
Regional Analyses
Colombia
7. Colombia and Its Wars against Drug Trafficking, 1970–2010 139
Elvira María Restrepo
8. Illicit Drugs in the Colombia-U.S. Relationship: Review
and Prospects 161
Arlene B. Tickner and Carolina Cepeda
9. Escalating Heroin Consumption and the Spread of HIV in Colombia:
An Emerging Public Health Threat 185
Clyde McCoy, Daniel H. Ciccarone, Zelde Espinel Ben-Amy, Jeanene McCoy
Bengoa, Oscar Bernal, Duane C. McBride, and James M. Shultz
Bolivia
10. Bolivian Drug Policy under the Morales Administration 203
Marten W. Brienen
Peru
11. The Vicious Cycle: The Resurgence of Drug Production and Drug
Trafficking in Peru 223
Marten W. Brienen and Jonathan D. Rosen
Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
12. In Search of the Mérida Initiative: From Antecedents to Practical
Results 239
Alberto Lozano-Vázquez and Jorge Rebolledo Flores
13. Police Reform in Mexico: A Never-Ending Story 257
Sigrid Arzt
14. Democracy, Security, and Organized Crime in Central America 276
Francisco Rojas Aravena
15. Seeking Out the State: Organized Crime, Violence, and Statetropism
in the Caribbean 293
Lilian Bobea
Brazil
16. The Power of Organized Crime in Brazil: From Public and Social
Challenges to the Effectiveness of Reforms 323
Marcelo Rocha e Silva Zorovich
Argentina
17. Under (Loose) Control: Drug Trafficking in Argentina in Times of
Paradigm Change 344
Khatchik DerGhougassian and Glen Evans
Part III. Regional and International Drug-Control Policies
18. The Role of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission:
Confronting the Problem of Illegal Drugs in the Americas 369
Betty Horwitz
19. The Strategies of the European Union against Drug Trafficking 395
Roberto Domínguez
20. Analytical Conclusions: The Search for Alternative Drug Policies in
the Americas 412
Bruce M. Bagley and Jonathan D. Rosen
List of Contributors 425
Index 431

Figures
1.1. Use of the word “cocaine” between 1800 and the present 36
7.1. Violence against judges, 1979–1998 141
15.1. Dominican Republic cocaine seizures, 2008–2013 297
17.1. Marijuana and cocaine seizures during implementation of GNA,
PNA, and PSA procedures, 2009–2011 350
17.2. Marijuana seizures during implementation of GNA, PNA, and PSA
procedures, 2009–2011 350
17.3. Cocaine seizures during implementation of GNA, PNA, and PSA
procedures, 2008–2011 351