Table Of ContentCriminal_Law5eV6.qxd 11/8/09 18:58 Page 1
Law C
Criminal
R
I
FIFTH EDITION Tony Storey and Alan Lidbury M
I
This book provides a highly readable introduction to criminal law. It has been written N
with the needs of students taking A-level law specifications particularly in mind, but
it provides an ideal account of the subject for anybody coming to it for the first time. A
L aw
Criminal Law also pays special attention to the broader context in which the law Criminal
operates, and considers proposals for reform. L
This fully updated fifth edition builds upon the success of earlier editions, covering
L
important new legislation, reports and case law, including the Serious Crime Act
2007, the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, the House of Lords’ judgments
a
in Kennedy (2007), G (2008), Rahman & Others (2008) and Purdy (2009) and the
proposed Coroners and Justice Act 2009. FIFTH EDITION
w
Key features:
• Extended case summaries and updated case and statute law
• Full coverage of A2 Criminal law options taught from September 2009
E F
• New OCR specimen papers with guidance on suggested answers
D I
F
• New OCR section C ‘objective assessment’ questions with suggested answers I
T T
• OCR Special Study Paper (examination from January 2010) with sources and IO H
commentary N
Tony Storey and Alan Lidbury are experienced teachers and lecturers, and are
Principal Assistant Examiner and Principal Examiner respectively for one of the major
examination boards.
A T
l o
a n
n y
Also available
L S
AS Law (fifth edition), by Vanstone, Sherratt and Charman (ISBN 978-1-84392-417-3) id to
b r
Contract Law (fourth edition), by Mary Charman (ISBN 978-1-84392-358-9) u e
r y
Tort Law (third edition), by Sue Hodge (ISBN 978-1-84392-098-4) y a
n
d
Tony Storey
and
Academic and Professional
Publisher of the Year 2008
International Achievement Alan Lidbury
of the Year 2009
www.willanpublishing.co.uk
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Criminal Law
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.
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Criminal Law
Fifth edition
Tony Storey
and
Alan Lidbury
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Publishedby:
WillanPublishing
CulmcottHouse
MillStreet,Uffculme
Cullompton,Devon
EX153AT,UK
Tel:(cid:1)44(0)1884840337
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website:www.willanpublishing.co.uk
Publishedsimultaneouslyinthe USAand Canadaby:
WillanPublishing
c/oISBS,920NE58thAve,Suite300,
Portland,Oregon97213-3786,USA
Tel:(cid:1)001(0)5032873093
Fax:(cid:1)001(0)5032808832
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website:www.isbs.com
(cid:2)TonyStoreyandAlanLidbury2009
TherightsofTonyStoreyandAlanLidburytobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisbook
havebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct
of1988.
Allrightsreserved;nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,or transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthe
PublishersoralicencepermittingcopyingintheUKissuedbytheCopyrightLicensing
AgencyLtd,SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS.
Firsteditionpublished2001
Secondedition2002
Thirdedition2004
Fourthedition2007
Fifthedition2009
ISBN978-1-84392-696-2
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe BritishLibrary
ProjectmanagedbyDeerParkProductions,Tavistock,Devon
TypesetbyTWTypesetting,Plymouth,Devon
PrintedandboundbyT.J.InternationalLtd,Padstow,Cornwall
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Contents
Table of cases xiii
Table of statutes xxi
Introduction xxv
How to use this book xxix
Part 1 General principles 1
1 Actus reus and mens rea 3
Introduction 3
Actus reus 3
Causation 5
Mens rea 17
Coincidence of actus reus and mens rea 17
Mens rea is not the same as motive 21
Transferred malice 22
Summary 24
2 Liability for omissions 26
Introduction 26
Crimes that can be committed only by failing to act 27
Committing crime by failing to act when under a duty to act 28
Reform 35
Summary 36
3 Recklessness 37
Introduction 37
The taking of an unjustifiable risk 38
Awareness of risk 38
The Cunningham test: 1957 39
The Caldwell test: 1981–2003 40
Back to Cunningham: G and R (2003) 42
Summary 46
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CriminalLaw
4 Strict liability 47
Introduction 47
Contrast with absolute liability 48
Common law offences 48
Statutory offences 48
Identifying offences of strict liability 49
Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 59
Pros and cons of strict liability 60
Due diligence defences 61
Summary 63
Questions on Part 1 General principles 1 64
Part 2 Homicide
5 Murder 69
Introduction 69
Causing death 70
Another human being 70
The Queen’s Peace 71
Within any county of the realm 71
The year-and-a-day rule 71
‘Malice aforethought’ 72
Reform 78
Summary 81
6 Voluntary manslaughter 82
General introduction 82
A Provocation 83
Important note about law reform 83
Introduction 83
What can amount to provocation? 83
The subjective question 84
The objective question 86
Procedure 93
Summary 100
B Diminished responsibility 101
Introduction 101
‘Abnormality of mind’ 102
The specified causes 103
‘Substantially impaired ... mental responsibility’ 105
The effect of intoxication 105
Procedure 110
Reform 111
Summary 113
C Suicide pact 114
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Contents
7 Involuntary manslaughter 115
General introduction 115
A Constructive manslaughter 115
Introduction 115
The actus reus of constructive manslaughter 116
The mens rea of constructive manslaughter 119
Summary 121
B Gross negligence manslaughter 122
Introduction 122
Duty of care 123
Breach of duty 124
Gross negligence 124
Summary 127
C Subjective reckless manslaughter 127
D Corporate manslaughter 128
Reform of involuntary manslaughter 130
Questions on Part 2 Homicide 131
Part 3 Offences against the person
8 Non-fatal offences against the person 135
Introduction 135
Assault and battery 136
Actual bodily harm 140
Wounding and grievous bodily harm 141
Included offences 143
Psychiatric injury 144
Transmission of disease 145
Stalking 147
Mens rea of non-fatal offences 148
Reform 149
Summary 151
9 Consent 153
Introduction 153
General principles 153
Limitations on consent 159
The impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 165
Reform 166
Summary 166
Questions on Part 3 Offences against the person 167
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CriminalLaw
Part 4 Offences against property
10 Theft and making off 171
Introduction 171
‘Appropriation’ 172
‘Property’ 175
‘Belonging to another’ 176
‘Dishonesty’ 180
‘Intention to permanently deprive’ 183
Making off without payment 187
Summary 190
11 Robbery 193
Introduction 193
The actus reus of robbery 193
The mens rea of robbery 196
Summary 196
12 Burglary 197
Introduction 197
Actus reus of burglary 197
The mens rea of burglary 202
Trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence 203
Summary 204
13 Criminal damage 206
Introduction 206
Criminal damage 206
Aggravated criminal damage 209
‘Without lawful excuse’ 211
Arson and aggravated arson 215
Summary 215
Questions on Part 4 Offences against property 216
Part 5 Defences
General introduction 221
14 Intoxication 223
Introduction 223
Legal principle vs public policy 224
Voluntary intoxication 225
Involuntary intoxication 231
‘Dutch courage’ 234
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Contents
Intoxication and other defences 235
Reform 236
Summary 238
15 Insanity 240
Introduction 240
The M’Naghten Rules 240
‘Defect of reason’ 241
‘Disease of the mind’ 241
‘Nature and quality of the act’ 249
‘Wrong’ 249
The presumption of sanity 252
‘Irresistible impulses’ 252
The special verdict 253
Procedure 254
Reform 254
Summary 255
16 Automatism 257
Introduction 257
What is ‘automatism’? 257
Extent of involuntariness required 259
Self-induced automatism 260
Reflex actions 261
Reform 262
Summary 262
17 Mistake 265
Introduction 265
General principles 265
Intoxicated mistakes 267
Summary 270
18 Duress and necessity 271
Introduction 271
Sources of the duress 271
The seriousness of the threat 272
Threats against whom? 273
Immediacy of the threat 273
Escape opportunities and police protection 274
Voluntary exposure to risk of compulsion 274
Should D have resisted the threats? 277
The scope of the defence 280
Reform of duress 284
Necessity 284
Summary 287
ix
