Table Of ContentCamile S. Farah
Ramesh Balasubramaniam
Michael J. McCullough
Editors
Contemporary
Oral Medicine
A Comprehensive Approach to Clinical Practice
Contemporary Oral Medicine
Camile S. Farah
Ramesh Balasubramaniam
Michael J. McCullough
Editors
Contemporary Oral
Medicine
A Comprehensive Approach to
Clinical Practice
With1623Figuresand299Tables
Editors
CamileS.Farah RameshBalasubramaniam
UWADentalSchoolandOralHealth UWADentalSchoolandOralHealth
CentreofWesternAustralia CentreofWesternAustralia
FacultyofHealthandMedicalSciences FacultyofHealthandMedicalSciences
UniversityofWesternAustralia UniversityofWesternAustralia
Perth,WA,Australia Perth,WA,Australia
MichaelJ.McCullough
OralAnatomy,Medicine,andSurgerySection
MelbourneDentalSchool
FacultyofMedicine,DentistryandHealthSciences
TheUniversityofMelbourne
Carlton,VIC,Australia
ISBN978-3-319-72301-3 ISBN978-3-319-72303-7(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-72302-0(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018960941
#SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,
andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or
bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained
hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith
regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
This book is dedicated to our families
Tess, Maya, Hannah, and Kayla
Davinia, Dhruva, and Mandira
Lindy, Meredith, Amelia, and Edward
in appreciation of our mentors, students, and patients.
Camile S. Farah
Ramesh Balasubramaniam
Michael J. McCullough
Foreword
Thedominantpatternofeducationoforalhealthprofessionalsandprovision
of health care of oral and maxillofacial diseases throughout the world is
providedbyaseparatedentalprofessionfrequentlyleadingtotheunfortunate
separationoforalcarefromwholepatientcare.
In order to correct this deficiency, the specialty of oral medicine was
pioneeredbydentistsincludingLesterBurket,SolSilverman,ThomasLehner,
andDavidMason,amongothers,whounderstoodthegrowingimportanceof
teachingmedicinetodentalstudentsanddevelopingadentalspecialtydevoted
tothediagnosisandmedicalmanagementoforalandmaxillofacialdiseaseas
well as dental treatment for patients with complex medical disorders. Their
visionandforesightresultedinthedevelopmentofaninternationalspecialty
devotedtotheexpandingmedicalneedsofpatientswithoralandmaxillofacial
diseases.
Recent major medical progress has resulted in the development of new
drugs and procedures to more successfully treat cancer, infectious diseases,
and cardiovascular and neuromuscular diseases. These dramatic advances
have resulted in an aging population taking multiple drugs and who often
haveundergonemultiplesurgicalprocedurestomaintaintheirhealth.Thishas
resultedinincreasingthecomplexityofdiagnosisandmanagementoforaland
maxillofacialdiseases.Inaddition,theundergraduatemedicaleducationoften
includesminimaltrainingofmanagementoforaldiseasesandcomplications,
broadeningthescopeofthedisordersmanagedbyoralmedicinespecialists.
Thereremainsnodoubtthatallgeneralandspecialtydentiststrainedtocare
for patients in the twenty-first century will require a solid foundation in
medicineandthatpropercareofcomplexmedicalproblemsofthemaxillofa-
cial region will require an increasing number of highly trained specialists in
oral medicine to work closely with other medical, surgical, and dental
colleagues.
Drs. Farah, Balasubramaniam, and McCullough have made an important
contribution to oral medicine by organizing and writing a new, modern,
comprehensive textbook developed for the oral medicine specialist but
which also serves as an important reference for other dental and medical
practitioners. The editors should be congratulated for their efforts and their
choice of coauthors who are internationally recognized academics,
researchers, and clinicians in their fields who have authored comprehensive,
up-to-date,clearlywrittenchapters.
vii
viii Foreword
The text starts with scholarly discussions of principles of diagnosis and
focuseddiscussionsofclinicalimmunology,neurophysiology,andneurosen-
sorydisordersandthenproceedstodetailedwell-organizeddiscussionsoforal
mucosal,headandneck,pain,andneurosensorydisorders.
The sections on orofacial pain are verywelcome, as physicians including
headachespecialistsandthosewithaspecialinterestinpainoftenhavelimited
knowledgeinthisarea.Wearepleasedtonotethattheorofacialpainsections
are comprehensive and provide a welcome biopsychological approach to
management which will be valuable not just to specialists in oral medicine
buttoarangeofotherhealth-careprofessionals.
Itisencouragingtonotetheemphasisplacedonascience-basedapproach
totemporomandibulardisordersasrecentlargestudiesprovideevidencethat
theymaybeprecursorsofotherchronicpainconditionsrequiringmanagement
bymultidisciplinaryteams.
Thethreeofusaredelightedtohavebeenaskedtowritethisforeword.We
arebasedinthreecornersoftheglobebutallfromEnglish-speakingnations
with a common educational heritage. We realize the challenges of writing a
textdevotedtoprovidingthebestoralandmaxillofacialcaretovariedcultures,
economies,andsocietieswithdifferingdiseaseburdens.
Wecongratulatetheeditorsandauthorsofthistextfortheiraccessibleand
egalitarian approach and their major contribution to the progress of interna-
tionaloralmedicine.
Philadelphia,USA MartinS.Greenberg
GoldCoast,Australia NewellJohnson
London,UK JoannaZakrzewska
Preface
Oral medicine is that specialist branch of dentistry concerned with the diag-
nosis, prevention, and predominantly nonsurgical management of medically
relateddisordersandconditionsaffectingtheoralandmaxillofacialregion,in
particular oral mucosal disease and orofacial pain, as well as the oral health
care of medically complex patients. As such, it occupies a unique interface
betweendentistryandmedicine,bringingthemtogetherfortheadvancement
of both oral and systemic health. Progressive patient care in oral medicine
requiresathoroughunderstandingofmany disciplinesofmedicineandden-
tistry.Likewise,othercognatedisciplinesbenefitfromtheirunderstandingof
theartandscienceoforalmedicineforoverallpatientmanagement.
ContemporaryOralMedicineisthemostcomprehensivetextbookinoral
medicineandincludes45chaptersarrangedinto3volumes.Volume1covers
foundation and diagnostic head and neck sciences in oral medicine; Vol.
2 covers oral and maxillofacial diseases and disorders; and Vol. 3 covers
orofacial pain and dental sleep medicine. It is a fresh holistic approach to
clinicalpractice.
Thisuniqueall-inclusiveinternationaltextbookbringstogether149world-
renowned authors from 25 different countries, covering a wide variety of
disciplines including oral medicine, oral and maxillofacial pathology, dento-
maxillofacialradiology,headandneckradiology,oralandmaxillofacialsur-
gery,headandnecksurgery,dermatology,anatomy,pathology,immunology,
microbiology, physiology, general medicine, neurology, pain medicine, and
sleepmedicine.Thebookisfullyreferencedandincludes1623figurescom-
posed of thousands of black and white and color images, in addition to
299 tables covering a spectrum of diagnostic algorithms, treatment regimes,
andphotographsofalldiseaseprocessesrelatedtooralmedicine.
In this book, we have focused our attention on the commonly accepted
designationoforalmedicineanddedicatedextensivepartsofthebooktoits
content. We acknowledge that oral medicine clinicians may encounter more
common conditions of the oral cavity such as dental caries and periodontal
diseases,buttheseareonlycovered inbriefasthey sitbetter intherealm of
pediatric dentistry, restorative dentistry, endodontics, and periodontics. Our
focus was on diseases and conditions that are diagnosed and managed on a
regular basis by oral medicine specialists internationally. Each chapter is
authoredbyagroupofinternationalexpertsintheirdesignatedfield,offering
the book a consensus approach to diagnosis and treatment of oral medicine
ix
x Preface
conditions without favoring one school of thought over another or one geo-
graphicalareaoveranother.
Wehavepitchedthisbookatthelevelofanewgraduateinoralmedicine,
attempting to stay true to competencies of newly graduated specialists as
described in advanced training programs across the globe particularly
Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We
acknowledge that the remit of practice of oral medicine in various countries
around the world differs based on local health system requirements, legisla-
tion, regulation, politics, disease distribution, interest, and workforce
demands. In compiling this book however, we have taken a comprehensive
all-encompassingapproach,ratherthanlimittheremitofpractice,andhence
thedesignationofasubtitle,AComprehensiveApproachtoClinicalPractice.
Another purposeful approach was the comprehensiveness of each of the
chapters with deliberate overlap of topics and conditions covered and the
general headings used in each chapter. Many of the diseases and disorders
outlined inthebookcanbecovered underamyriadofheadingsandchapter
titles.Wefeltitwasveryimportantforthereadertoencounterthematerialand
interactwiththecontentfrommultiplepointsofview,takingintoaccountthe
many ways possible to classify and manage ailments of the head and neck
region.Importantly,wefeltthateachchaptershouldbeself-contained,inde-
pendentbutcross-referencedwithotherchapters,andalsostructuredinaway
thatprovidedconsistencyandpurposeforthereader.Wherewefeltthetopic
should be covered in detail we did, while in other instances we only briefly
mention the same condition in a different context for completeness. The
intention was that if a reader only read a chapter of particular interest, its
contentswouldsuffice,butifthereaderwishedtoexplorethecontentinmore
detail,thenreadingmoreofthebookwouldprovideanall-inclusivetreatise.
We trust you will enjoy reading and using this text as much as we have
enjoyedwritingandcompilingit.
January2019 CamileS.Farah
RameshBalasubramaniam
MichaelJ.McCullough
Acknowledgments
This book is a culmination of 4 years’ work. Our dream was to realize a
comprehensive textbook in oral medicine of international standing, and this
wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheexpertcontributionsandsignificant
input from luminary contributing authors, colleagues, mentors, and friends
fromaroundtheworld.Wethankthecontributingauthorsfortheirdedication
andpatience,whileweworkedthroughmultipleversionsofrevisedandedited
chapterstoproduceaproductofthehigheststandard.Wearegratefultothose
whowerewillingtoparticipateinsuchamassiveundertaking,togivegener-
ously of their time and resources, and to join us in an international coming
togetherofknowledge,expertise,andcollegialityinourchosendiscipline.The
processhasbeenbothrewardingandinstructive.
Thecomprehensivenessandclinicalusefulnessofthisbookareenhanced
bythemanyillustrations,clinicalimages,radiographs,andphotomicrographs
generously supplied by many colleagues from all around the world. We are
indebtedtoourmanycolleagueswhohavesharedtheircasessogenerouslyin
anefforttoimprovethetext,andtheyhavebeencreditedinthefigurelegends
fortheircontributions.Inparticular,wewouldliketothankDr.HalaAlJanaby
for her original hand-drawn illustrations throughout the text and for the
stunning front cover, Dr. Andy Whyte for the many detailed radiographic
imageshehasprovided,andDr.RobertAnthonappaforthemanycasesrelated
topediatricdentistry.SpecialthanksalsotoDrs.RudolfBoeddinghaus,Marie
Matias, Kurt Gebauer, Mariana Villarroel Dorrego, Ajay Parihar, Tim
Hodgson, Chady Sader, Chris Van Vliet, Chris Dhepnorrarat, Amanda
PhoonNguyen,LalimaTiwari,andQutaibahAlfadalah.Wearealsothankful
toallourpatientswhohaveallowedustocareforthembutalsoallowedusto
document their cases for presentation in this book. Their contributions are a
reminderofwhywedowhatwedo.
We would like to thank our assistant staff Jane Burnell, Elai Justo, and
MayaJanikfortheirdedicatedediting,referencing,andoverallassistanceand
Penny Comans for the provision of articles. We acknowledge the staff at
Springer Nature for their hard work, organization, and dedication to this
project including Karin Bartsch, Rebecca Urban, Tanja Maihoefer, Wilma
McHugh, Susanne Friedrichsen, Alison Wolf, Shruti Datt, and Sharmila
Thirumaniselvan.
Finally,weareeternallyindebtedtoourfamiliesfortheirlove,support,and
patience. Over the 4-year life-span of this book, we have spent significant
xi
